{"id":8332,"date":"2016-08-30T06:21:55","date_gmt":"2016-08-30T03:21:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?p=8332"},"modified":"2016-08-30T06:21:55","modified_gmt":"2016-08-30T03:21:55","slug":"kilekoti-lugu-tousude-ja-moonadega-romaan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?p=8332","title":{"rendered":"Kilekoti lugu \u2013 t\u00f5usude ja m\u00f5\u00f5nadega romaan"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Karoliine Korol, konservaator<\/em><\/p>\n

ERMi uuel p\u00fcsin\u00e4itusel on v\u00e4ljapaneku seas k\u00fcmmekond v\u00e4lismaist kilekotti 1980. aastatest, mis olid n\u00f5ukogudeaegses Eestis k\u00f5rges hinnas. Seoses sellega tekkiski idee kirjutada pisut kilekottidest.<\/p>\n

Kilekoti t\u00e4hendus on k\u00fcmnenditega m\u00e4rkimisv\u00e4\u00e4rselt muutunud. Kui 1980. aastatel oli v\u00e4ga popp k\u00e4ia linna peal jalutamas, koolis, pidudel ja isegi teatris kilekotiga (kuhu pandi otse loomulikult v\u00f5imalikult v\u00e4he asju sisse, et see v\u00e4lja ei veniks), siis n\u00fc\u00fcd on sellest saanud liigagi laialt levinud tarbeese.<\/p>\n

\"Untitled\"<\/a>Northampton, Inglismaa, 1989. Foto: John Heywood. Allikas: internet<\/em><\/p>\n

Kilekottidest on kujunenud meie elustiili osa. Kahjuks on nii, et harjumusp\u00e4raste asjade juures ei panda nende erakordsust enam t\u00e4hele. R\u00e4\u00e4gin siin pigem kilekotist kui innovaatilisest tarbija abilisest, mitte nn killer<\/em>-kotist, milleks tarbija selle muutnud on.<\/p>\n

Materjal<\/strong><\/p>\n

Plastmass, millest kilekotte toodetakse, on enamasti pol\u00fcet\u00fcleen (taaskasutuss\u00fcsteemi numbrid 2 v\u00f5i 4). Esmakordselt patenteeriti pol\u00fcet\u00fcleeni tootmine 1937. aastal ning seda valmistati suhkrusiirupist. T\u00e4nap\u00e4eval saadakse seda loodusliku gaasi et\u00fcleeni pol\u00fcmerisatsioonil. Pol\u00fcet\u00fcleeni kasutustemperatuur j\u00e4\u00e4b vahemikku \u201320 \u00b0C \u2013 108 \u00b0C. Seega v\u00e4ga k\u00fclma talveilmaga muutub kilekott \u00f5ues rabedaks, korralikult kuumaks k\u00f6etud saunas aga pehmeneb. Tegemist on termoplastiga, t\u00e4nu millele on sellest v\u00f5imalik taaskasutusel uusi kotte toota.<\/p>\n

Rootslaste monopol<\/strong><\/p>\n

Eks kilet toodeti pol\u00fcet\u00fcleenist juba varemgi, kuid veekindlaid ja vastupidavaid sangadeta kotte hakati sellest valmistama alates 1950. aastatest. Esimesed sangadega kotid valmisid kaheosalise tootmisprotsessina: esmalt sulatati kilevarruka alumine \u00e4\u00e4r kokku ning seej\u00e4rel kinnitati \u00fcla\u00e4\u00e4rde eraldi sangad.<\/p>\n

Poekilekottide tootmises k\u00e4rgatas revolutsioon 1960. aastate alguses, mil rootsi insener Sten Gustaf Thulin t\u00f6\u00f6tas kohalikule plastikutootjale Celloplast v\u00e4lja meetodi, kuidas \u00fche tootmisprotsessiga valmistada lihtne ja vastupidav kandekott. Selle k\u00e4igus laotati kilevarrukas lapiti pinnale, sulatati alumine \u00e4\u00e4r kokku ning l\u00f5igati \u00fclemisest osast keskelt jupp v\u00e4lja, nii et moodustusid sangad. Tulemuseks oli nn T-s\u00e4rgi disainiga kandekott, millisena me oleme harjunud n\u00e4gema pea k\u00f5ikide toidupoodide kilekotte.<\/p>\n

\"1\"<\/a>Tartu Plastmasstoodete Katsetehases toodetud kilekott aastast 1973. ERM A 983:2. Parempoolsed pildid selgitavad, miks neid T-s\u00e4rgi t\u00fc\u00fcpi kilekotiks nimetatakse. Fotod: internet<\/em><\/p>\n

1965. aastal patenteeris Celloplast Thulini tootmismeetodi. Sellega panid rootslased aluse kilekoti-monopolile. Celloplasti tehased kerkisid paljudes Euroopa riikides ning USAs (1977. aastal patenteeris USA ettev\u00f5te Mobil oma kilekottide tootmise meetodi). Kuid see, et kilekotid t\u00e4navapildis tavaliseks muutusid, v\u00f5ttis siiski veel pisut aega. 1985. aastal l\u00f5puks pakkus 75% USA supermarketitest paberkottide k\u00f5rval kilekotte, neid eelistas aga vaid 25% tarbijaskonnast.<\/p>\n

Kohalik kilekotibuum<\/strong><\/p>\n

Meie maal hakati pol\u00fcet\u00fcleenkilet valmistama 1970. aastate alguses Tartu Kammivabrikus (alates 1972. aastast Tartu Plastmasstoodete Katsetehas, TPK). K\u00f5igepealt toodeti p\u00f5llumajanduslikel eesm\u00e4rkidel kilet, seej\u00e4rel teatud m\u00e4\u00e4ral ka poekotte. Nende tootmine sai erilise tuule tiibadesse seoses 1980. aastal Moskvas korraldatud suveol\u00fcmpiam\u00e4ngudega. Nimelt m\u00e4\u00e4rati TPK tootma suurs\u00fcndmuse tarbeks reklaamkotte. Sellest algas kilekotibuum, mis j\u00e4tkub Estiko Plastaris (nimetus alates 1991. aastast) t\u00e4naseni.<\/p>\n

\"2\"<\/a>N\u00e4ited TPK valmistatud kilekottidest Moskva ol\u00fcmpiam\u00e4ngude tarvis. (ERM A 983:7; ERM A 983:50)<\/em><\/p>\n

Kilekotid kujutasid tootjate jaoks mugavat ja k\u00fcllalt odavat reklaamiv\u00f5imalust ning neid kasutatakse siiani sel otstarbel. Eelk\u00f5ige reklaamiti toona ettev\u00f5tteid, tooteid, \u00fcritusi, \u00f5ppeasutusi, seltse ja r\u00fchmitusi.<\/p>\n

Moodne aksessuaar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1980. aastatel ei olnud kilekott mingisugune kauba peale antav mugavus. Selle eest tuli maksta \u00fcsna k\u00f5rget hinda. Kohaliku tuuliku pildiga koti eest tuli n\u00e4iteks k\u00fcmnendi keskel tasuda 60 kopikat. Sellise raha eest sai osta kolm leiba (t\u00e4nap\u00e4evases hinnaskaalas maksaks kilekott sel juhul u 2 eurot).<\/p>\n

\"3\"<\/a>Kohaliku toodanguna valmistatud kilekotid. ERMi kogust, A 983:162, A 983:66, A 983:134, A 983:368, A 983:324, A 983:302, A 983:27, A 983:330, A 983:364<\/em><\/p>\n

Eriti suur n\u00f5udlus oli v\u00e4lismaiste kottide j\u00e4rele, mis tingis ka nende soolase hinna \u2013 5 rubla k\u00e4est-k\u00e4tte m\u00fc\u00fcduna (umbes 16 eurot t\u00e4nap\u00e4evases m\u00f5istes!). Seep\u00e4rast polnud ka ime, et kilekotti kanti kui aksessuaari. Selleks et kallis \u201ev\u00e4llamaa\u201c kott tugevam oleks, pisteti selle sisse odavam kodumaine kott. N\u00f5nda kanti neid mitu kuud kuni viimse piirini, mil pilt maha kulus, sisek\u00fcljele liimitud teibiparandused kilet enam koos ei hoidnud ning tekkinud l\u00f5hesid ei \u00f5nnestunud enam triikrauaga kokku sulatada.<\/p>\n

Praegune suhtumine<\/strong><\/p>\n

Iga-aastane \u00fclemaailmne kilekotitoodang arvatakse ulatuvat 1000 miljardi tonnini \u2013 \u00fches minutis enam kui miljon kotti. Eestlased kasutavad aastas \u00fcle 133 miljoni kilekoti, millest \u00fcle 97% jagatakse tasuta. \u00d5hukesed l\u00e4bipaistvad kotikesed purunevad kiiresti, mist\u00f5ttu need viiakse \u00fcldiselt pikemalt m\u00f5tlemata pr\u00fcgikasti (tasuta ju saadud). \u00dcletootmine on kilekotist teinud elusloodust kahjustava kurjategija.<\/p>\n

\"PLASTIC-BAG-10\"<\/a>Kilekottide \u00fcmbert\u00f6\u00f6tlemine on kallis ettev\u00f5tmine \u2013 \u00fcks tonn kotte l\u00e4heb maksma u 3500 eurot. Seet\u00f5ttu j\u00f5uab enamik \u00e4ravisatud kilest pr\u00fcgim\u00e4ele.<\/em><\/p>\n

Mitmed riigid on lausa seadusega kilekotid keelustanud v\u00f5i nende m\u00fc\u00fcki piiranud. N\u00e4iteks Aafrika mandril asuv Ruanda keelustas 2004. aastal t\u00e4ielikult pol\u00fcet\u00fcleenist kilekottide tootmise ja kasutamise. See t\u00e4hendab seda, et kilekotte ei v\u00f5i isegi omada. V\u00f5iks ju m\u00f5elda, et mis siis ikka, vanasti saadi ilma kileta kenasti hakkama, kuid kileajastust pole tegelikult nii lihtne paber- ja riidest kottide juurde tagasi minna. Ruandas on kilekotikeeld p\u00f5hjustanud ulatuslikku smugeldamist k\u00f5rvalriikidest, rahutusi, trahvimisi, vangistamisi ja isegi peksmisi. Eks sa katsu k\u00fcpseid puuvilju, liha ja kala paberkottides m\u00fc\u00fca ning transportida. Poem\u00fc\u00fcjate suur probleem on ka kauba eksponeerimine \u2013 klient tahab tooteid n\u00e4ha, paberkott aga ei paista l\u00e4bi.<\/p>\n

Me vihkame ja \u00fchtlasi vajame kilekotte. Tasuta jagatavate v\u00e4ikeste kotikeste tarbimist tuleb piirata, kuid suuremad paksemast kilelehest kotid ei kao veel niipea kuhugi. V\u00f5imalik, et need l\u00e4hevad \u00fcha kallimaks ning neist kujunevad taas kord moodsad aksessuaarid.<\/p>\n

\"4\"<\/a>Kilekott on suurep\u00e4rane l\u00f5uend reklaami jaoks. Nii lahedaid kotte ei raatsiks paljud ka t\u00e4nap\u00e4eval kohe \u00e4ra visata. Fotod: internet<\/em><\/p>\n

Allikad ning soovituslik lugemine<\/strong><\/p>\n

Brydson<\/strong>, John. A<\/em>. Plastics Materials. Sixth Edition.<\/em> Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1999<\/p>\n

Chancellor, Alexander<\/strong>. Oh, how I will miss the plastic bag!,<\/em> www.spectator.co.uk\/2015\/10\/oh-how-i-will-miss-the-plastic-bag\/<\/a><\/p>\n

Elias, Kristo<\/strong>. Eesti on Euroopas kilekottide kasutamise poolest esirinnas. <\/em>http:\/\/novaator.err.ee\/v\/saated\/uudiseid_saatest_osoon\/aa861419-4535-4307-9ead-157c30ed5f4a<\/a><\/p>\n

Iwuoha, John-Paul<\/strong>. Plastic Shopping Bags Will Soon Be History Everywhere in Africa. Here\u2019s Why..<\/em>., http:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/johnpaul-iwuoha\/plastic-shopping-bags-wil_b_10277978.html<\/a><\/p>\n

JCI GO KODA<\/strong>, http:\/\/www.killerkott.org\/esileht\/<\/a><\/p>\n

Kiiler,Gert<\/strong>. Kilekott maksis neli leiba. <\/em>http:\/\/www.tarbijakaitse.ee\/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=1733<\/a><\/p>\n

Laskow, Sarah<\/strong>. How the Plastic Bag Became So Popular.<\/em> http:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/technology\/archive\/2014\/10\/how-the-plastic-bag-became-so-popular\/381065\/<\/a><\/p>\n

Murutar<\/strong>, Kati. 90 kammi (1918\u20132008)<\/em>. Tartu, 2008<\/p>\n

M\u00e4gi, Maiken<\/strong>. Kilekotid muutuvad defitsiidiks. http:\/\/tarbija24.postimees.ee\/v2\/3412359\/kilekotid-muutuvad-defitsiidiks<\/a><\/p>\n

Paper or Plastic: It’s the perennial decision for today’s grocery shopper<\/em>. http:\/\/www.plasticsindustry.org\/IndustryGroups\/content.cfm?ItemNumber=521<\/a><\/p>\n

Pesti, Rainer<\/strong>. Huvitavat lugemist: kogu t\u00f5de kilekottidest. http:\/\/ragnsells.ee\/kuukiri\/huvitavat-lugemist-kogu-tode-kilekottidest\/<\/a><\/p>\n

Plastic shopping bag<\/em>. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plastic_shopping_bag<\/a><\/p>\n

Videomaterjal<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bahrani, Ramin<\/strong>. Plastic Bag. <\/em>http:\/\/nightflight.com\/ramin-bahranis-plastic-bag-werner-herzog-is-a-plastic-bag-undergoing-an-existential-crisis\/<\/a><\/p>\n

Elias, Kristo<\/strong>. Eesti on Euroopas kilekottide kasutamise poolest esirinnas. <\/em>http:\/\/novaator.err.ee\/v\/saated\/uudiseid_saatest_osoon\/aa861419-4535-4307-9ead-157c30ed5f4a<\/a><\/p>\n

Giordano, Christine<\/strong>. Bag it. <\/em>http:\/\/documentaryaddict.com\/films\/bag-it<\/a><\/p>\n

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Karoliine Korol, konservaator ERMi uuel p\u00fcsin\u00e4itusel on v\u00e4ljapaneku seas k\u00fcmmekond v\u00e4lismaist kilekotti 1980. aastatest, mis olid n\u00f5ukogudeaegses Eestis k\u00f5rges hinnas. Seoses sellega tekkiski idee kirjutada pisut kilekottidest. Kilekoti t\u00e4hendus on k\u00fcmnenditega m\u00e4rkimisv\u00e4\u00e4rselt muutunud. Kui 1980. aastatel oli v\u00e4ga popp k\u00e4ia linna peal jalutamas, koolis, pidudel ja isegi teatris kilekotiga (kuhu pandi otse loomulikult v\u00f5imalikult v\u00e4he…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8337,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8332","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-konserveerimine"],"yoast_head":"\nKilekoti lugu \u2013 t\u00f5usude ja m\u00f5\u00f5nadega romaan - Eesti Rahva Muuseumi ajaveeb<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?p=8332\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"et_EE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Kilekoti lugu \u2013 t\u00f5usude ja m\u00f5\u00f5nadega romaan - Eesti Rahva Muuseumi ajaveeb\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Karoliine Korol, konservaator ERMi uuel p\u00fcsin\u00e4itusel on v\u00e4ljapaneku seas k\u00fcmmekond v\u00e4lismaist kilekotti 1980. aastatest, mis olid n\u00f5ukogudeaegses Eestis k\u00f5rges hinnas. Seoses sellega tekkiski idee kirjutada pisut kilekottidest. Kilekoti t\u00e4hendus on k\u00fcmnenditega m\u00e4rkimisv\u00e4\u00e4rselt muutunud. 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Seoses sellega tekkiski idee kirjutada pisut kilekottidest. Kilekoti t\u00e4hendus on k\u00fcmnenditega m\u00e4rkimisv\u00e4\u00e4rselt muutunud. Kui 1980. aastatel oli v\u00e4ga popp k\u00e4ia linna peal jalutamas, koolis, pidudel ja isegi teatris kilekotiga (kuhu pandi otse loomulikult v\u00f5imalikult v\u00e4he…","og_url":"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?p=8332","og_site_name":"Eesti Rahva Muuseumi ajaveeb","article_published_time":"2016-08-30T03:21:55+00:00","og_image":[{"width":832,"height":1200,"url":"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/3.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Eesti Rahva Muuseum","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Eesti Rahva Muuseum","Est. reading time":"6 minutit"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?p=8332#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?p=8332"},"author":{"name":"Eesti Rahva Muuseum","@id":"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/#\/schema\/person\/6e98c391cb00a33e7c22a3571e062114"},"headline":"Kilekoti lugu \u2013 t\u00f5usude ja m\u00f5\u00f5nadega romaan","datePublished":"2016-08-30T03:21:55+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?p=8332"},"wordCount":1153,"commentCount":1,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?p=8332#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/3.jpg","articleSection":["Konserveerimine"],"inLanguage":"et","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?p=8332#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?p=8332","url":"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?p=8332","name":"Kilekoti lugu \u2013 t\u00f5usude ja m\u00f5\u00f5nadega romaan - 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