{"id":8263,"date":"2016-08-02T08:19:48","date_gmt":"2016-08-02T05:19:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?p=8263"},"modified":"2016-08-02T08:19:48","modified_gmt":"2016-08-02T05:19:48","slug":"soome-ugri-luumus","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?p=8263","title":{"rendered":"Soome-ugri l\u00fc\u00fcmus"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Art Leete, Tartu \u00dclikooli etnoloogia professor<\/em><\/p>\n

Teadlased on aina arvanud, et soomeugrilased on klaasist v\u00f5i veest, igatahes l\u00e4bipaistvad. Kui meid teadusele avastati, n\u00e4hti meid l\u00e4binisti, \u00fcleni ja korraga. Hiljem, kui teadus killustus sajaks haruks, hakati soomeugrilasi k\u00e4sitlema tuhande \u00fcksikasja kaudu. \u00dched uurisid, kui pilusilmsed me oleme, teised meie t\u00f6\u00f6riistu ja riideid ning kolmandad maadlesid meie osastava k\u00e4\u00e4ndega. Kuigi peensustega tegelemine h\u00e4gustab k\u00fcsimuse soomeugrilaste l\u00fc\u00fcmusest, vajab olemise viis ikkagi vahel l\u00e4bivalgustamist.<\/p>\n

Vanasti oli iga teadlase jaoks auasi otse v\u00e4lja \u00f6elda, mida nad arvavad inimestest, keda nad uurivad. Eelmisel sajandil hakkasid taolised kollektiivse iseloomu anal\u00fc\u00fcsid ja otsekohesed, tunde pealt tehtud \u00e4\u00e4rem\u00e4rkused n\u00e4ima m\u00f5nev\u00f5rra rohmakate ja ebaviisakatena. Selleks et mitte panna teadlasi piinlikku olukorda, lendasid need kirjeldused vaikse akadeemilise kokkuleppe alusel teadust\u00f6\u00f6dest v\u00e4lja. Sellegipoolest on ilmne, et etnograafid ikkagi arvavad midagi inimeste kohta, kellega nad tegelevad.<\/p>\n

Jean-Jacques Rousseau kirjutab, et kunstide areng toob kaasa teeskluse ja pettuse kasvu \u00fchiskonnas. Tsiviliseeritud inimene v\u00f5ib vaid unistada kristalsest aususest ning \u00f5hata russoolikus vaimus: \u201eK\u00fcll oleks meie seas meeldiv elada, kui v\u00e4line hoiak peegeldaks alati s\u00fcdame suundumusi…\u201d Selleks et asja m\u00f5te oleks siililegi selge ning ideaalse oleku saavutamise v\u00f5imatus ilmne, v\u00f5rdleb Rousseau vooruslikku inimest j\u00f5umehega, \u201ekes armastab v\u00f5idelda paljalt\u201d.<\/p>\n

Kui tsiviliseeritud inimestega on k\u00f5ik lootusetu, siis n\u00e4eb Rousseau sellise vahetu m\u00f5istmise rakendusalana p\u00f5lisrahvaid ja muud inimmassi, kellele kunst on tundmatu. Enne kunstide arengut on inimeste kombed lihtsad ja loomulikud, k\u00e4itumise erinevused peegeldavad ka iseloomuerinevusi. Inimesed on selles seisundis kergesti l\u00e4bin\u00e4htavad ja see h\u00f5lbustab nende omavahelist suhtlust:<\/p>\n

\u201eEnne seda, kui kunst vormis meie k\u00e4itumise ja \u00f5petas meie kired k\u00f5nelema lihvitud keelt, olid meie kombed lihtsad, kuid loomulikud; ja \u00fclalpidamise erinevus andis juba esmapilgul m\u00e4rku iseloomude erinevusest. Inimloomus iseenesest ei olnud parem, aga inimestele andis turvatunde see, et nad \u00fcksteist nii kergesti l\u00e4bi n\u00e4gid; ja see eelis, mille v\u00e4\u00e4rtust meie enam ei taju, s\u00e4\u00e4stis neid paljudest pahedest.\u201d<\/p>\n

Rousseau arutlus kunstide kahjulikkusest muutub etnograafilises diskursuses peagi metslaste paljastamise vahendiks. Kui selline valgustuslik metodoloogiline m\u00f5tterelv juba teadlaste k\u00e4tte sattus, oli soomeugrilaste olemust lihtne p\u00e4evavalgele tuua. Varasemaid kirjeldusi soomeugrilastest on seet\u00f5ttu valgustav lugeda. K\u00f5ik on otse v\u00e4lja kirjutatud, mis etnograafidele p\u00e4he torkas ja mis nad l\u00e4bi n\u00e4gid. Soomeugrilased on etnograafilise r\u00f6ntgenipilgu all alasti. Meie vana tuttav, Tartu \u00dclikooli eradotsent Alexander von Schrenk kirjutab ajaloolisel 1837. aastal:<\/p>\n

\u201eHoolimata v\u00e4lisest sarnasusest venelasega, on s\u00fcrjan oma iseloomus s\u00e4ilitanud midagi omap\u00e4rast, mis teda venelasest kahjulikult eristab. Olles viimasest t\u00f5sisem, ei saada ta elu m\u00f6\u00f6da sama l\u00f5busalt kui venelane. T\u00f5elise soomlasena laulab ja naerab ta harva. Vestluses ei lase s\u00fcrjan ennast k\u00fcbetki alandada, aga see ei tulene mitte enesev\u00e4\u00e4rikuse tundest, vaid sellest, et ta on p\u00f5ikp\u00e4ine ja s\u00f5nakuulmatu.\u201d<\/p>\n

Kust Schrenk teab, et komid on p\u00f5ikp\u00e4ised, mitte v\u00e4\u00e4rikad? Ta tunnistab, et m\u00f5lemad omadused kujundavad sarnase v\u00e4lise k\u00e4itumisjoonise. Seega v\u00f5iks siin justkui olla pinnast segaduse tekkeks. V\u00f5ti on aga selles, et Schrenk viib anal\u00fc\u00fcsi l\u00e4bi russoolikult. Enne esitatud kirjakohta arutleb ta selle \u00fcle, et komidel pole oma rahvalaulegi (nad laulavad ainult vene omi), seega mingid kunstid pole nende seas veel t\u00e4rganud. Selliseid kunstivabasid komisid on seega lihtne l\u00e4bi n\u00e4ha: nende sisemus, tunded ja m\u00f5tted on l\u00e4bitungivale m\u00f5istusele varjamatud.<\/p>\n

Matias Aleksanteri Castr\u00e9n r\u00e4ndab 1840. aastate alguses, m\u00f5ni aasta p\u00e4rast Schrenki, l\u00e4bi Venemaa Euroopa osa tundrate ning m\u00e4rkab samasugust soome-ugri puiklemist igal sammul:<\/p>\n

\u201eSamojeedidel on soomlastega palju \u00fchist. Nad on \u00e4\u00e4rmiselt ettevaatlikud, vagased ja salalikud, umbusklikud, p\u00f5ikp\u00e4ised ja visad. Nad ei otsusta midagi kohe, aga kui midagi otsustavad, siis on ettev\u00f5etu teostamisel kohutavalt kangekaelsed. Sarnaselt laplastega on nad isep\u00e4ised ja nii valelikud, et nende peale ei saa \u00fcldse loota.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"pilt_2\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Matias Aleksanteri Castr\u00e9n taipas neenetseid vaadates, et nad on \u201c\u00e4\u00e4rmiselt ettevaatlikud, vagased ja salalikud, umbusklikud, p\u00f5ikp\u00e4ised ja visad, kohutavalt kangekaelsed, isep\u00e4ised ja valelikud. Et lugejatel ei j\u00e4\u00e4ks mingeid kahtlusi, lisati Castr\u00e9ni reisikirjale tema vaatlusi kinnitavad pildid Kanini poolsaare ja Timani tundra p\u00f5liselanikest.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Hoolimata neenetsite ja saamide virtuoossest k\u00f5rvalehiilimise harjumusest taipab Castr\u00e9n, et nad teevad alati midagi muud, kui r\u00e4\u00e4givad v\u00f5i lubavad. Taoline p\u00f5ikp\u00e4ine salatsemine on tuvastatav ainult t\u00e4nu sellele, et teadlase arsenalis leidub l\u00e4bivalgustav anal\u00fc\u00fcsimeetod. Teises v\u00f5rdlevas arutluses soomeugrilaste iseloomu teemal esitab Castr\u00e9n seda vaevu voolava vee kujundi kaudu:<\/p>\n

\u201eVeel m\u00f5ned s\u00f5nad vene laplaste iseloomust. See on pea samasugune kogu Lapimaal. Seda v\u00f5ib v\u00f5rrelda ojaga, mille vesi voolab nii vaikselt, et sa isegi ei m\u00e4rka seda liikumist. Kui vastu tuleb mingi takistus, p\u00f6\u00f6rab oja tasakesi k\u00f5rvale, aga j\u00f5uab siiski l\u00f5puks eesm\u00e4rgini. Selline on ka laplase iseloom: vaikne, rahulik, j\u00e4releandlik. [—] Olles suures osas ilma j\u00e4etud elu naudingutest, olles \u00fcmbritsetud karmist, \u00fcletamatust loodusest, olles m\u00e4\u00e4ratud vaesusesse ja puudusesse, on teda \u00f5nnistatud\u00a0 kadestamisv\u00e4\u00e4rse v\u00f5imega k\u00f5ik raskused ja h\u00e4dad h\u00e4irimatu rahuga v\u00e4lja kannatada. [—] Sellest on n\u00e4ha, et lapi rahvalikus iseloomus peegeldub soome t\u00fc\u00fcp. Sisuliselt on ka soomlast \u00f5nnistatud samasuguse rahuliku, vaikse, lepliku loomusega. Pisiasjades j\u00e4releandlik, muutub ta aga kangelaseks, kui puudutada midagi, mis on tema arust oluline. Sarnaselt muutub ka laplane m\u00f5nikord \u00e4\u00e4rmuslikult p\u00f5ikp\u00e4iseks, kaotades seejuures kergesti rahuliku m\u00f5tlikkuse, mis ei h\u00fclga kunagi temast mehisemat soomlast.\u201d<\/p>\n

Kuigi oja kujundis r\u00f5hutab Castr\u00e9n mingi sihi suunas voolamist, on antud juhul oluline just l\u00e4bipaistvus, mis v\u00f5imaldab teadlasel ojana voolavat soome-ugri iseloomu l\u00e4bi n\u00e4ha. K\u00f5ik need soomeugrilaste salatsemised ja p\u00f5iklemised on seega abitud, naiivsed katsed etnograafilise valgustava pilgu all vingerdada. Isegi need uurimisobjekti teadusliku tunnetuse teelt k\u00f5rvalehiilimise katsed n\u00e4itavad teadlastele, kuidas kunstita soomeugrilaste \u201ev\u00e4line hoiak peegeldab alati s\u00fcdame suundumusi\u201d.<\/p>\n

Juri Lotman t\u00e4heldab, et \u00fcleva valgustusfilosoofia \u00fchendamine groteskse t\u00f5sieluga v\u00f5ib viia esmapilgul segaste tulemusteni. Natuke romantiliselt meelestatud \u00f5petlaste p\u00fc\u00fcded filosoofiliselt valgustada veidrat etnograafilist tegelikkust kujundasid arusaama soomeugrilaste l\u00e4bipaistvusest, metafoorse viisi n\u00e4ha meid vaikselt voolava veena. Tasahilju on etnograafiline m\u00f5te j\u00f5udnud arusaamiseni, et lihtsameelselt russoolikku pilku peale visates ei n\u00e4e me midagi l\u00e4bi, sellel l\u00e4henemisviisil puudub valgustav s\u00fc\u00fcvimisj\u00f5ud. Soome-ugri kultuuri esmapilgul n\u00e4htamatute reeglite v\u00f5re h\u00e4gustab hoolimatu etnograafi pilgu. Soomeugrilastest ei saa ainult silmadega m\u00f5elda.<\/p>\n

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Art Leete, Tartu \u00dclikooli etnoloogia professor Teadlased on aina arvanud, et soomeugrilased on klaasist v\u00f5i veest, igatahes l\u00e4bipaistvad. Kui meid teadusele avastati, n\u00e4hti meid l\u00e4binisti, \u00fcleni ja korraga. Hiljem, kui teadus killustus sajaks haruks, hakati soomeugrilasi k\u00e4sitlema tuhande \u00fcksikasja kaudu. \u00dched uurisid, kui pilusilmsed me oleme, teised meie t\u00f6\u00f6riistu ja riideid ning kolmandad maadlesid meie…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8265,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[28],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8263","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-soome-ugri"],"yoast_head":"\nSoome-ugri l\u00fc\u00fcmus - Eesti Rahva Muuseumi ajaveeb<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?p=8263\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"et_EE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Soome-ugri l\u00fc\u00fcmus - Eesti Rahva Muuseumi ajaveeb\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Art Leete, Tartu \u00dclikooli etnoloogia professor Teadlased on aina arvanud, et soomeugrilased on klaasist v\u00f5i veest, igatahes l\u00e4bipaistvad. Kui meid teadusele avastati, n\u00e4hti meid l\u00e4binisti, \u00fcleni ja korraga. 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