{"id":7008,"date":"2015-10-14T16:33:34","date_gmt":"2015-10-14T13:33:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?p=7008"},"modified":"2015-10-17T13:40:11","modified_gmt":"2015-10-17T10:40:11","slug":"lugu-sellest-kuidas-uurali-rahvad-kaardile-said","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?p=7008","title":{"rendered":"Lugu sellest, kuidas uurali rahvad kaardile said"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fcbkbttn_buttons_block\" id=\"fcbkbttn_left\"><div class=\"fcbkbttn_like \"><fb:like href=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?p=7008\" action=\"like\" colorscheme=\"light\" layout=\"standard\"  width=\"225px\" size=\"small\"><\/fb:like><\/div><div class=\"fb-share-button  \" data-href=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?p=7008\" data-type=\"button\" data-size=\"small\"><\/div><\/div><p><em>Tekst: Indrek J\u00e4\u00e4ts<\/em><\/p>\n<p>ERMi ja Regio koost\u00f6\u00f6s valminud uurali rahvaste levikukaart t\u00f5lgiti hiljuti inglise keelde. Seletan sel puhul l\u00fchidalt, kuidas see kaart koostati ja mida selle kasutamisel silmas pidada, ning heidan p\u00f5gusa pilgu ka etnilistele kaartidele \u00fcldisemalt.<\/p>\n<p>Kaarte, millel leidub eri rahvaste ja h\u00f5imude nimesid, on koostatud juba ammu, ent need olid \u00fcsna umbm\u00e4\u00e4rased, sest rahva asuala t\u00e4histab seal vaid kaardile kirjutatud etnon\u00fc\u00fcm. Ajal, mil inimeste puhul oli oluline eesk\u00e4tt nende usk, seisus ja riikkondlik kuuluvus ning etnilisusele ei omistatud erilist t\u00e4hendust, oli see ootusp\u00e4rane. Aga asjad hakkasid muutuma 18. sajandi teisel poolel, kui maailm eesotsas Euroopaga j\u00f5udis tasapisi ja j\u00e4rk-j\u00e4rgult rahvuste ajastusse. Rahvastikus hakati n\u00fc\u00fcd n\u00e4gema rahvaid ja rahvusi ning seoses sellega s\u00fcndis ka etniline statistika, senistest m\u00e4rksa t\u00e4psemate etniliste kaartide v\u00e4ltimatu eeldus.<\/p>\n<p>Esmalt tuleb ju v\u00e4lja selgitada, millistes k\u00fclades \u00fcks v\u00f5i teine rahvas elab. K\u00fclad, mis asetsevad k\u00f5rvuti ja kus elab sama rahvas, moodustavad selle rahva asuala, mille saab kaardile kanda ja t\u00e4histada teise v\u00e4rviga kui naabrite oma. 19. sajandi keskpaigaks oli juba koostatud terve rida selliseid v\u00e4rvilisi etnilisi (etnograafilisi) kaarte, peamiselt Kesk- ja Ida-Euroopa multietniliste impeeriumite ning nende osade kohta. Etniline kartograafia k\u00e4is k\u00e4sik\u00e4es rahvuslusega ning ennustas ette vanaaegsete impeeriumite lagunemist etnilisel printsiibil. Tollaste Osmanite, Habsburgide ja Romanovite valduste kaartide v\u00e4rvilaikudes on aimata juba tulevasi rahvusriike.<\/p>\n<p>Etnilise statistika ja kartograafia alusepanijaks Venemaal loetakse saksa p\u00e4ritolu \u00f5petlast Peter von K\u00f6ppenit (1793\u20131864). Pidades ulatuslikku kirjavahetust mitmesuguste kohalike ametiasutuste ja haritlastega (sealhulgas Fr. R. Kreutzwaldiga), selgitas ta v\u00f5imalust m\u00f6\u00f6da v\u00e4lja rahvaste arvukuse ja asuala ning kandis need kaartidele. Esmalt valmis Peterburi kubermangu etnograafiline kaart (1849), veidi hiljem ka Venemaa Euroopa osa oma (1851). Neil on kujutatud ka enamiku soome-ugri rahvaste asualad.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Kaart_loigatud.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"7011\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?attachment_id=7011#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Kaart_loigatud.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1200,896\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;1996-2001 AccuSoft Co., All righ&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Kaart_loigatud\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Kaart_loigatud-1024x765.jpg\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-7011\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Kaart_loigatud-1024x765.jpg\" alt=\"Kaart_loigatud\" width=\"700\" height=\"523\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Kaart_loigatud-1024x765.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Kaart_loigatud-348x260.jpg 348w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Kaart_loigatud-300x224.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Kaart_loigatud.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/a><em>Peter von K\u00f6ppeni \u201ePeterburi kubermangu etnograafiline kaart\u201c (SPb. 1849)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Esimene \u00fclevenemaaline rahvaloendus toimus 1897. Rahvus m\u00e4\u00e4ratleti tollal emakeele alusel. K\u00f5igil j\u00e4rgmistel N\u00f5ukogude ja Venemaa rahvaloendustel on k\u00fcsitud juba otseselt rahvust ning nende andmete p\u00f5hjal saabki koostada k\u00fcllalt t\u00e4pseid etnilisi kaarte. Samas tuleb endale siiski aru anda, et igasugune kaart on vaid tegelikkuse lihtsustatud kujutis. Mida \u00fcldisem kaart, seda skemaatilisem. 19. sajandi ning 20. sajandi alguse statistika v\u00f5is k\u00fcll olla praegusega v\u00f5rreldes ebat\u00e4psem, ent etnilisi kaarte oli tollal lihtsam koostada, sest rahvastik elas valdavalt maal. Etnilisi segaalasid ja -k\u00fclasid muidugi leidus, kuid m\u00e4rksa v\u00e4hem kui t\u00e4nap\u00e4eval ning kaardil eri v\u00e4rvidega t\u00e4histatud rahvaste asualad vastasid \u00fcldjoontes tegelikkusele. T\u00e4nap\u00e4eval elab juba \u00fcle poole arenenud maailma rahvastikust linnades ja linnad, eriti suurlinnad, on alati olnud multietnilised. Linnades elavad rahvad reeglina l\u00e4bisegi ning kaardil on seda v\u00e4ga raske, kui mitte v\u00f5imatu edasi anda. Seet\u00f5ttu pole etnilised kaardid enam nii adekvaatsed kui veel poole sajandi eest.<\/p>\n<p>Paljudes riikides on viimaste k\u00fcmnendite jooksul p\u00fc\u00fctud v\u00e4hendada etnilisuse rolli \u00fchiskonnas. Etniliste erip\u00e4rade asemel eelistatakse r\u00f5hutada \u00fchendavat, n\u00e4iteks kodakondsust v\u00f5i niinimetatud \u00fcldinimlikke v\u00e4\u00e4rtusi. Ka etnilisest statistikast on m\u00f5nel pool loobutud. K\u00f5ige selle t\u00f5ttu on etnilise kartograafia kuldajastu j\u00e4\u00e4nud minevikku. V\u00f5imalik, et selle s\u00fcnnitanud rahvuste ajastu hakkab l\u00e4bi saama.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/002.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"7009\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?attachment_id=7009#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/002.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"939,1200\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1224247093&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"002\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/002-801x1024.jpg\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-7009\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/002-801x1024.jpg\" alt=\"002\" width=\"700\" height=\"895\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/002-801x1024.jpg 801w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/002-203x260.jpg 203w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/002-235x300.jpg 235w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/002.jpg 939w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/a><em>M. F. Mirkovit\u0161i \u201eSlaavi rahvaste etnograafiline kaart\u201c (1867, fragment)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Kuid p\u00f6\u00f6rdugem n\u00fc\u00fcd meie uurali rahvaste kaardi juurde. Selle koostamisel tuli lahendada terve rida k\u00fcsimusi. Me ei alustanud t\u00fchjalt kohalt, vaid l\u00e4htusime enam kui pooleteise sajandi pikkusest traditsioonist. Aluseks v\u00f5tsime n\u00f5ukogude aja etnilised kaardid, mida sai m\u00f5ningate hilisemate kaartide ja muu info p\u00f5hjal kohendatud ja korrigeeritud.<\/p>\n<p>Aga millised rahvad \u00fcldse kaardile kanda? Kas m\u00e4rkida setud eraldi eestlastest ning kveenid, me\u00e4keelsed ja ingerisoomlased eraldi soomlastest? Kas karjalased ja saamid on \u00fcks rahvas v\u00f5i mitu l\u00e4hedast rahvast? Kas mordvalased v\u00f5i ersad ja mok\u0161ad? Mida teha bessermanidega? See on Pandora laegas, mida on parem mitte torkida. Seega otsustasime olla konservatiivsed ning l\u00e4htuda v\u00e4ljakujunenud rahvaste loendist.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00e4ga erineva rahvaarvuga rahvaste n\u00e4itamine samal kaardil oli keeruline \u00fclesanne. Lahenduseks oli v\u00e4ikeste ja suurte k\u00e4sitlemine m\u00f5nev\u00f5rra erinevalt. Suhteliselt suurte rahvaste puhul, kes elavad enam-v\u00e4hem \u00fchtse etnilise massiivina, on asuala kaardil m\u00e4rgitud traditsioonilise v\u00e4rvilaiguga. V\u00e4iksemaarvuliste v\u00f5i h\u00f5redalt ja teiste rahvastega segamini paiknevate rahvaste puhul on kasutatud viirutust v\u00f5i rahvast t\u00e4histavatest s\u00fcmbolitest moodustuvat mustrit. Kuna kaart on Mercatori projektsioonis, mis teatavasti n\u00e4itab poolustele l\u00e4hemaid alasid ebaproportsionaalselt suurena, siis v\u00f5ib pealiskaudsel vaatamisel paista, et n\u00e4iteks handid on m\u00e4rksa suurem rahvas kui ungarlased, ehkki tegelikult on ungarlasi umbes 500 korda rohkem.<\/p>\n<p>Suuremate rahvaste puhul (pool miljonit ja enam) on p\u00fc\u00fctud kaardil edasi anda ka nende arvukust piirkonniti. \u00dcks sellist rahvast t\u00e4histav s\u00fcmbol t\u00e4hendab 10\u00a0000 \u2013 30\u00a0000 selle rahva esindajat vastavas administratiiv\u00fcksuses, kaks s\u00fcmbolit 30\u00a0000 \u2013 50\u00a0000 inimest jne. V\u00e4iksemate rahvaste puhul n\u00e4itab s\u00fcmbol lihtsalt selle rahva olemasolu piirkonnas ega oma numbrilist t\u00e4hendust.<\/p>\n<p>Mainitud p\u00f5hjustel ei kajasta kaart uurali rahvaid v\u00e4ljapoole nende asuala j\u00e4\u00e4vates suurlinnades, n\u00e4iteks eestlasi Londonis, soomlasi Stockholmis v\u00f5i mordvalasi Moskvas.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/kaart_600dpi.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"7010\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?attachment_id=7010#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/kaart_600dpi.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"975,1200\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"kaart_600dpi\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/kaart_600dpi-832x1024.jpg\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-7010\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/kaart_600dpi-832x1024.jpg\" alt=\"kaart_600dpi\" width=\"700\" height=\"862\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/kaart_600dpi-832x1024.jpg 832w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/kaart_600dpi-211x260.jpg 211w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/kaart_600dpi-244x300.jpg 244w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/kaart_600dpi.jpg 975w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/a><em>Komide (s\u00fcrjanite ja permjakkide) asuala kaart Georgi L\u00f5tkini raamatust \u201eKomimaa Permi piiskoppide ajal ja komi keel\u201c (SPb. 1889)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Kaardile on lisatud numbrinurk, kus on \u00e4ra toodud k\u00f5igi uurali rahvaste arvukus t\u00e4nap\u00e4eval. Kui palju on maailmas eestlasi, soomlasi v\u00f5i saame? Sellistele k\u00fcsimustele polegi nii lihtne vastata. Kui kogu rahvas elab \u00fches riigis, kus juhtumisi peetakse ka etnilist statistikat, siis on vastus suhteliselt t\u00e4pne. Nii on see paljude Venemaa v\u00e4ikerahvaste puhul, kel puudub arvestatav diasporaa. Kui aga rahvas elab mitmes riigis, kus rahvaloendused toimuvad eri aegadel ja rahvuste \u00fcle ehk arvet ei peetagi, siis saab vastus olla vaid hinnanguline ja ligikaudne. K\u00f5ige enam puudutab see ungarlasi, soomlasi ja eestlasi, keda on laiali \u00fcle maailma, ning v\u00e4hemal m\u00e4\u00e4ral ka Venemaa suuremaid soome-ugri rahvaid, keda leidub endistes liiduvabariikides. Ka saamidega on lugu keeruline. Nad elavad p\u00f5hiliselt neljas riigis, kus iga\u00fches on omad statistikatraditsioonid ja saamiks lugemise kriteeriumid. Seega on k\u00f5ik numbrid tabelis \u00fcmmardatud.<\/p>\n<p>Loetletud piirangutest ja puudustest hoolimata on selline etniline kaart siiski v\u00e4ga efektiivne viis edastamaks infot rahvaste arvukuse ja paiknemise kohta. Kaart on t\u00f6\u00f6riist, mida tuleb osata lugeda ja kasutada. Lisaks on sellel ka s\u00fcmboolne t\u00e4hendus. See kujutab \u00fcht rahvaperet ja aitab seega taasluua ning kinnistada vastavat ideed.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/su-rahvad.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"4244\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?attachment_id=4244#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/su-rahvad.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1200,838\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"su-rahvad\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/su-rahvad-1024x715.jpg\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-4244\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/su-rahvad-1024x715.jpg\" alt=\"su-rahvad\" width=\"700\" height=\"489\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/su-rahvad-1024x715.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/su-rahvad-372x260.jpg 372w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/su-rahvad-300x209.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/su-rahvad.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/a><em>ERMi ja Regio koost\u00f6\u00f6s valminud uurali rahvaste kaart<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&#8212;&#8212;-<br \/>\nLoe ka varasemat blogipostitust &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?p=4245\" target=\"_blank\">Soome-ugri sugulusest<\/a>&#8220;.<\/p>\n<div class=\"fcbkbttn_buttons_block\" id=\"fcbkbttn_left\"><div class=\"fcbkbttn_like \"><fb:like href=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?p=7008\" action=\"like\" colorscheme=\"light\" layout=\"standard\"  width=\"225px\" size=\"small\"><\/fb:like><\/div><div class=\"fb-share-button  \" data-href=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?p=7008\" data-type=\"button\" data-size=\"small\"><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tekst: Indrek J\u00e4\u00e4ts ERMi ja Regio koost\u00f6\u00f6s valminud uurali rahvaste levikukaart t\u00f5lgiti hiljuti inglise keelde. Seletan sel puhul l\u00fchidalt, kuidas see kaart koostati ja mida selle kasutamisel silmas pidada, ning heidan p\u00f5gusa pilgu ka etnilistele kaartidele \u00fcldisemalt. Kaarte, millel leidub eri rahvaste ja h\u00f5imude nimesid, on koostatud juba ammu, ent need olid \u00fcsna umbm\u00e4\u00e4rased, sest&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7009,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[32,28],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7008","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kaardid","category-soome-ugri"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Lugu sellest, kuidas uurali rahvad kaardile said - Eesti Rahva Muuseumi ajaveeb<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?p=7008\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"et_EE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Lugu sellest, kuidas uurali rahvad kaardile said - Eesti Rahva Muuseumi ajaveeb\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Tekst: Indrek J\u00e4\u00e4ts ERMi ja Regio koost\u00f6\u00f6s valminud uurali rahvaste levikukaart t\u00f5lgiti hiljuti inglise keelde. Seletan sel puhul l\u00fchidalt, kuidas see kaart koostati ja mida selle kasutamisel silmas pidada, ning heidan p\u00f5gusa pilgu ka etnilistele kaartidele \u00fcldisemalt. 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