{"id":6292,"date":"2015-04-28T08:10:36","date_gmt":"2015-04-28T06:10:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?p=6292"},"modified":"2019-05-09T10:35:44","modified_gmt":"2019-05-09T07:35:44","slug":"pahatahtlikud-plastikud","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?p=6292","title":{"rendered":"Pahatahtlikud plastikud"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fcbkbttn_buttons_block\" id=\"fcbkbttn_left\"><div class=\"fcbkbttn_like \"><fb:like href=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?p=6292\" action=\"like\" colorscheme=\"light\" layout=\"standard\"  width=\"225px\" size=\"small\"><\/fb:like><\/div><div class=\"fb-share-button  \" data-href=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?p=6292\" data-type=\"button\" data-size=\"small\"><\/div><\/div><p><em>Tekst: Karoliine Korol, konservaator<br \/>\n<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Paljudes muuseumides t\u00e4heldati juba 1990. aastal, et teatud plastikud vananevad teistest plastmassidest palju kiiremini ning eritavad kahjulikke gaasilisi \u00fchendeid, mis m\u00f5jutavad muude materjalide (nt paberi, metalli ja tekstiili) s\u00e4ilivust. Peale selle on eralduvad \u00fchendid tihtilugu ka inimorganismile kahjulikud, nii et siin v\u00e4lja toodud plastmassidesse tuleb suhtuda k\u00f5rgendatud t\u00e4helepanuga.<\/p>\n<p>Juttu tuleb viiest plastikust, mis on plastikute konserveerimise maailmas kantud \u201epahatahtlike plastikute\u201c (<em>malignant plastics<\/em>) nimekirja. Nendeks on nitrotselluloos, tselluloosatsetaat, pehmendatud pol\u00fcvin\u00fc\u00fclkloriid, pol\u00fcuretaanvaht ja vulkaniseeritud kummi.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Nitrotselluloos<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Nitrotselluloos (<em>nitrocellulose, NC)<\/em> on l\u00e4mmastik- ja v\u00e4\u00e4velhappega modifitseeritud tselluloos, mille leiutajaks loetakse inglise metallimeistrit Alexander Parkesi, kes tutvustas parkesiinist (<em>Parkesine<\/em>\u2019ist) valmistatud esemeid Londonis 1862. aastal. Laialdasemalt on see mitmek\u00fclgne pools\u00fcnteetiline plastik alates 1870. aastatest tuntud tselluloidi (<em>Celluloid<\/em>\u2019i) nime all, mis on sisuliselt sama mis parkesiin, kuid millele Ameerika leiutajatest vennad Hyattid lisasid pehmendusainena kamprit. Tegemist on termoplastikuga, millest sai valmistada elevandiluulaadseid k\u00f5vasid esemeid (nt piljardikuule), aga ka painduvaid l\u00e4bipaistvaid kilesid. Nitrotselluloosi oli lihtne mitmetesse v\u00e4rvivarjunditesse toonida, mist\u00f5ttu uus materjal saavutas \u00f5ige pea populaarsuse tarbekaupade ja nipsasjakeste seas. Lisaks leidis see t\u00e4nu George Eastmanile alates 1889. aastast rakendust foto- ja filmip\u00f5himikena.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/027966_ERM_A_800_19_kasut.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"6303\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?attachment_id=6303#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/027966_ERM_A_800_19_kasut.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"534,384\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"027966_ERM_A_800_19_kasut\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/027966_ERM_A_800_19_kasut.jpg\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-6303\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/027966_ERM_A_800_19_kasut.jpg\" alt=\"027966_ERM_A_800_19_kasut\" width=\"330\" height=\"237\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/027966_ERM_A_800_19_kasut.jpg 534w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/027966_ERM_A_800_19_kasut-362x260.jpg 362w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/027966_ERM_A_800_19_kasut-300x216.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 330px) 100vw, 330px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/024961_ERM_A_920_47_kasutatud.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"6300\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?attachment_id=6300#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/024961_ERM_A_920_47_kasutatud.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"594,398\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"024961_ERM_A_920_47_kasutatud\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/024961_ERM_A_920_47_kasutatud.jpg\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-6300\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/024961_ERM_A_920_47_kasutatud.jpg\" alt=\"024961_ERM_A_920_47_kasutatud\" width=\"354\" height=\"237\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/024961_ERM_A_920_47_kasutatud.jpg 594w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/024961_ERM_A_920_47_kasutatud-388x260.jpg 388w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/024961_ERM_A_920_47_kasutatud-300x201.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 354px) 100vw, 354px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>Foto1 ja Foto 2: N\u00e4ited tselluloidist esemetest: elevant (ERM A 800:19) ja prillitoos (ERM 920:47).<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Kui paigutada \u201epahatahtlikud plastikud\u201c pingeritta, siis oleks nitrotselluloos kahtlemata esimesel kohal. P\u00f5hjusi selleks on mitmeid. Peamine ja k\u00f5ige olulisem on see, et nitrotselluloosist eralduvad vananedes l\u00e4mmastikoksiidid, mis moodustavad \u00f5hus leiduvate veemolekulidega reageerides m\u00fcrgise l\u00e4mmastikhappe. Selliste gaaside sissehingamine v\u00f5ib \u00e4rritada nina ja k\u00f5ri. Otsene kokkupuude l\u00e4mmastikhappega \u00e4rritab nahka ja silmi. \u00d5nneks on inimeste kokkupuude vananeva tselluloidiga enamasti l\u00fchiajaline. Kui l\u00e4heneda asjale eseme seisukohast, siis on olukord sootuks teine. N\u00e4iteks 1915. aastal valmistatud tselluloidkamm on eralduva l\u00e4mmastikhappega pidanud otseses kokkupuutes olema 100 aastat! Eriti hull on lugu siis, kui eset on s\u00e4ilitatud kinnises keskkonnas.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00f5tame n\u00e4iteks nitrotselluloosist valmistatud prilliraamid, mida on s\u00e4ilitatud aastak\u00fcmneid originaalkarbis. Aegam\u00f6\u00f6da kogunenud l\u00e4mmastikhape ei p\u00e4\u00e4se karbist v\u00e4lja ning kahjustab j\u00e4rjepidevalt prilliraame. Siinkohal tuleb mainida, et l\u00e4mmastiku\u00fchendid ei ole sugugi ainsad, mis nitrotselluloosist eralduvad. Ka pehmendusainena kasutatud kamper ei taha sugugi tselluloidis p\u00fcsida. Kampri kao tagaj\u00e4rjel t\u00f5mbub ese kokku ning sellesse tekivad l\u00e4bivad mikrom\u00f5rad. Seega on l\u00e4mmastikhappel v\u00f5imalus lisaks pindmisele kahjustamisele m\u00f5rade kaudu materjali ka seespoolselt kahjustada. Hape l\u00f5hub pol\u00fcmeerahelaid. Tulemuseks on v\u00e4ga rabe ja happeline plastik, mis puruneb kaugele arenenud vananemisstaadiumis pelgalt \u00f5rnal puudutusel. Lisaks p\u00f5hjustab l\u00e4mmastikhape metallide korrosiooni, v\u00e4rvipigmentide luitumist ning l\u00e4hedal olevate esemete muutumist happeliseks.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/024994_ERM_A_853_58_kasutatud.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"6301\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?attachment_id=6301#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/024994_ERM_A_853_58_kasutatud.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"508,353\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"024994_ERM_A_853_58_kasutatud\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/024994_ERM_A_853_58_kasutatud.jpg\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-6301\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/024994_ERM_A_853_58_kasutatud.jpg\" alt=\"024994_ERM_A_853_58_kasutatud\" width=\"400\" height=\"278\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/024994_ERM_A_853_58_kasutatud.jpg 508w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/024994_ERM_A_853_58_kasutatud-374x260.jpg 374w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/024994_ERM_A_853_58_kasutatud-300x208.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/ak0504_kasut.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"6310\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?attachment_id=6310#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/ak0504_kasut.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"598,599\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1428656782&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ak0504_kasut\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/ak0504_kasut.jpg\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-6310\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/ak0504_kasut.jpg\" alt=\"ak0504_kasut\" width=\"278\" height=\"278\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/ak0504_kasut.jpg 598w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/ak0504_kasut-260x260.jpg 260w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/ak0504_kasut-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/ak0504_kasut-50x50.jpg 50w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 278px) 100vw, 278px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/ak0495_kasut.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"6307\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?attachment_id=6307#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/ak0495_kasut.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1049,490\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1428654809&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ak0495_kasut\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/ak0495_kasut-1024x478.jpg\" class=\" alignnone wp-image-6307\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/ak0495_kasut-1024x478.jpg\" alt=\"ak0495_kasut\" width=\"462\" height=\"216\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/ak0495_kasut-1024x478.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/ak0495_kasut-460x215.jpg 460w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/ak0495_kasut-300x140.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/ak0495_kasut.jpg 1049w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 462px) 100vw, 462px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/ak0509_kasut.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"6311\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?attachment_id=6311#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/ak0509_kasut.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"653,653\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1428657057&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ak0509_kasut\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/ak0509_kasut.jpg\" class=\" alignnone wp-image-6311\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/ak0509_kasut.jpg\" alt=\"ak0509_kasut\" width=\"216\" height=\"216\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/ak0509_kasut.jpg 653w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/ak0509_kasut-260x260.jpg 260w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/ak0509_kasut-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/ak0509_kasut-50x50.jpg 50w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 216px) 100vw, 216px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>Foto 3 \u2013 6: Tselluloidist prilliraamid \u00fches karbiga. \u00dcleval vasakul on 2004. aastal tehtud foto, kus prilliraamid on terved. 2015. aasta kevadel tehtud fotodel n\u00e4eb aga, kuiv\u00f5rd ulatuslikult on toimunud eseme degradatsioon. Mitmes kohas on plastik purunenud, hulgaliselt on l\u00e4bivaid m\u00f5rasid. Metallosad on tugevalt korrodeerunud. Ese on v\u00e4ga rabe ning suures purunemisohus. (ERM A 853:57, A. Karm)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Molekulide migratsioonile ja l\u00e4mmastikhappe moodustamisele annavad hoogu k\u00f5rge temperatuur (termol\u00fc\u00fcs) ja niiskus (h\u00fcdrol\u00fc\u00fcs). Kui meenutada minu eelmise kuu blogisissekannet \u201ePlastik kui imiteerija\u201c, tasub mainida, et elevandiluud imiteeriv tselluloid on stabiilsem kui kilpkonnakilbi imitatsioon, kuna esimene sisaldab tsinkoksiidi, mis l\u00e4mmastikuga reageerides moodustab tsinknitraadi ning stabiliseerib materjali.<\/p>\n<p>Teine v\u00e4ga oluline p\u00f5hjus, miks nitrotselluloosi \u201epahatahtlikuks\u201c nimetatakse, on selle tuleohtlikkus. 1860. aastate alguses l\u00e4mmastik- ja v\u00e4\u00e4velhappe ning tselluloosiga katsetanud Parkes ei tulnud sellise materjalikombinatsiooni peale siiski t\u00e4itsa ise. Esimesena tegi seda 1846. aastal \u0160veitsi keemik Christian Friedrich Sch\u00f6nbein. Tema leiutisest ei saanud aga valmistada kamme ega prilliraame. Valminud materjal oli \u00e4\u00e4rmiselt kergesti s\u00fcttiv ja sobis seet\u00f5ttu l\u00f5hkeaineks. Sch\u00f6nbein leiutas p\u00fcroks\u00fcliini ehk puuvillap\u00fcssirohu (<em>gun gotton<\/em>), mis oli tavalisest p\u00fcssirohust kuus korda v\u00f5imsam.<\/p>\n<p>Enne kui vennad Hyattid oma kunstelevandiluule kamprit lisasid, juhtus legendide kohaselt nende piljardikuulidega \u00e4revust tekitavaid \u00e4pardusi. \u00dcks vendadest saanud kord kirja Colorado piljardisalongi omanikult, kes olnud mures kuulide kokkup\u00f5rkel tekkivate pisemate plahvatuste p\u00e4rast. Plahvatused ei olevatki otseselt omanikku h\u00e4irinud, aga muret olevat tekitanud see, et paukude peale hakkas iga mees oma revolvriga vehkima (tegemist oli nn <em>westerni-<\/em>ajaga)!<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/old-western-billiard-saloon.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"6315\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?attachment_id=6315#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/old-western-billiard-saloon.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1024,797\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"old-western-billiard-saloon\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/old-western-billiard-saloon-1024x797.jpg\" class=\" wp-image-6315 alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/old-western-billiard-saloon-1024x797.jpg\" alt=\"old-western-billiard-saloon\" width=\"679\" height=\"528\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/old-western-billiard-saloon.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/old-western-billiard-saloon-334x260.jpg 334w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/old-western-billiard-saloon-300x233.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 679px) 100vw, 679px\" \/><\/a><em>Foto 7: 1883. aastal pildistatud piljardisalong Uus-Mehhikos.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Tunduvalt t\u00f5sisem tuleohtlikkuse probleem tekkis 1889. aastal Pariisi n\u00e4itusel tutvustatud nitrotsellulooskiududest valmistatud siidiga, mida kutsuti selle leiutaja Comte Hilaire de Chardonnet j\u00e4rgi <em>Chardonnet<\/em>\u2019 siidiks. Vaimustunud naisterahvad kandsid s\u00e4rades uhkeid <em>haute couture<\/em>\u2019i kleite, mida oli looduslikust siidist pea v\u00f5imatu valmistada. Kahjuks l\u00e4ksid kleidid k\u00fc\u00fcnlaleegi l\u00e4heduses aga otseses m\u00f5ttes s\u00e4rama, mist\u00f5ttu <em>Chardonnet<\/em>\u2019 siid p\u00e4lvis peagi h\u00fc\u00fcdnime \u201e\u00e4mma siid\u201c.<\/p>\n<p>Vaatamata kampri lisamisele, mis takistas nitrotselluloosi kiiret s\u00fcttimist, on tselluloidfilmilintide s\u00e4ilitamine ohtlik ettev\u00f5tmine. Nagu ennist mainisin, aurustub kamper toatemperatuuril tselluloidist ajapikku v\u00e4lja. Seega muutuvad sellest valmistatud filmilindid \u00fcha enam tuleohtlikuks. T\u00e4helepanu v\u00e4\u00e4rib asjaolu, et nitrotselluloos on ises\u00fcttiv ning vananenud materjali puhul v\u00f5ib s\u00fcttimistemperatuuriks olla vaid m\u00f5nik\u00fcmmend kraadi \u00fcle toatemperatuuri. Meeles tuleb pidada, et nitrotselluloosi degradatsiooni tulemusel eraldub soojus. Kui vananevaid filmilinte on palju, v\u00f5ib temperatuur lintide vahetus l\u00e4heduses t\u00f5usta sedav\u00f5rd k\u00f5rgele, et p\u00f5hjustab nende s\u00fcttimist. P\u00f5ledes on nitrotselluloosi leegi kuumus 15 korda k\u00f5rgem puidu p\u00f5lemise omast ning leeki ei saa veega kustutada, kuna nitrotselluloosi p\u00f5lemisreaktsioon toodab ise p\u00f5lemiseks vajalikku hapnikku. P\u00f5lemisel eraldub suures koguses v\u00e4ga m\u00fcrgiseid ja plahvatusohtlikke gaase, mida tuleleek omakorda s\u00fc\u00fctab. Seega on nitrotselluloosist valmistatud varajased filmilindid v\u00e4ga ohtlikud ning vajavad s\u00e4ilitamiseks eritingimusi.<\/p>\n<p><em><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"6294\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?attachment_id=6294#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/1.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"314,646\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/1.jpg\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-6294\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/1.jpg\" alt=\"1\" width=\"115\" height=\"237\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/1.jpg 314w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/1-126x260.jpg 126w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/1-146x300.jpg 146w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 115px) 100vw, 115px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"6295\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?attachment_id=6295#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/2.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"314,646\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/2.jpg\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-6295\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/2.jpg\" alt=\"2\" width=\"115\" height=\"236\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/2.jpg 314w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/2-126x260.jpg 126w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/2-146x300.jpg 146w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 115px) 100vw, 115px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/3.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"6296\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?attachment_id=6296#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/3.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"314,646\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"3\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/3.jpg\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-6296\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/3.jpg\" alt=\"3\" width=\"115\" height=\"237\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/3.jpg 314w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/3-126x260.jpg 126w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/3-146x300.jpg 146w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 115px) 100vw, 115px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/4.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"6297\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?attachment_id=6297#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/4.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"314,646\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"4\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/4.jpg\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-6297\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/4.jpg\" alt=\"4\" width=\"115\" height=\"237\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/4.jpg 314w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/4-126x260.jpg 126w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/4-146x300.jpg 146w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 115px) 100vw, 115px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/5.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"6298\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?attachment_id=6298#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/5.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"286,646\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"5\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/5.jpg\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-6298\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/5.jpg\" alt=\"5\" width=\"105\" height=\"237\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/5.jpg 286w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/5-115x260.jpg 115w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/5-133x300.jpg 133w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 105px) 100vw, 105px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/7.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"6299\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?attachment_id=6299#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/7.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"277,646\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"7\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/7.jpg\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-6299\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/7.jpg\" alt=\"7\" width=\"102\" height=\"237\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/7.jpg 277w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/7-129x300.jpg 129w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 102px) 100vw, 102px\" \/><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Foto 8: Kaadrid videost, kus n\u00e4idatakse tselluloidist filmilindi p\u00f5lemise kulgu. Iga pilt on v\u00f5etud 10-sekundilise vahega. Tuleleek saavutas tipphetke 50 sekundiga.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Vaata videot <em>YouTube<\/em>-ist:<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"700\" height=\"394\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/gEz_a-Akufk?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=et&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Nitrotselluloosi eristab teistest plastikutest vananedes eralduva kampri l\u00f5hn, mis meenutab m\u00e4nnivaiku. Esemed on tihtilugu v\u00e4ga \u00f5hukese seinapaksusega, detailirikkad ja kerged. Materjal v\u00f5ib olla l\u00e4bipaistev v\u00f5i matt, valge v\u00f5i v\u00e4rviline. Palju valmistati p\u00e4rlmuttertoone ja kilpkonnaluu imitatsiooni (eriti prilliraamide ja kammide puhul). Identifitseerimisel v\u00f5ib abi olla ka teadmisest, et alates 1930. aastatest ilmus tselluloidi k\u00f5rvale tselluloosatsetaat, mis tr\u00fcgis toodangu mahu poolest peagi tselluloidist ette (nii esemete kui ka filmilintide osas).<\/p>\n<p>Nitrotselluloosist valmistatud esemeid tuleb s\u00e4ilitada h\u00e4sti ventileeritud ruumis. S\u00e4ilituskarpidesse peab lisama happeid koguvaid \u00fchendeid (aktiveeritud s\u00fctt, tseoliite). Kindlasti ei tohi esemed olla \u00fcheskoos metallist, tekstiilist ja paberist museaalidega. S\u00e4ilitusruumis peaks olema k\u00fcllalt madal ja stabiilne suhteline \u00f5huniiskus (~40%) ning madal temperatuur (&lt; 15\u00b0C). Aktiivselt vananevad nitrotselluloosesemed tuleb kindlasti teistest esemetest eraldada.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Tselluloosatsetaat<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Esmakordselt valmistas tselluloosatsetaati (<em>celulose acetate, CA<\/em>) prantsuse keemik Paul Sch\u00fctzenberger 1865. aastal. Selleks kuumutas ta puuvilla \u00e4\u00e4dikhappe anh\u00fcdriidiga. Protsessi oli aga keeruline kontrollida, mist\u00f5ttu kaubandusliku tselluloosatsetaadi valmistamine j\u00e4i veel mitmeks aastak\u00fcmneks v\u00f5imatuks. Alles 1909. aastal algas tasapisi tuleohtlike tselluloidfilmilintide asendamine tselluloosatsetaadist turvafilmidega (nitrofilme kasutati tegelikult veel kuni 1950. aastateni). Kaubanduslikul eesm\u00e4rgil alustati tselluloosatsetaadi lehtede ja varraste tootmist 1927. aastal, 1930. aastate alguses ka vormimispulbrina. Ajavahemikul 1920\u20132000 kasutati tselluloosatsetaadist kilelehti animafilmide tegemisel.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/p11.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"6316\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?attachment_id=6316#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/p11.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"933,700\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"p11\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/p11.jpg\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-6316\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/p11.jpg\" alt=\"p11\" width=\"905\" height=\"679\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/p11.jpg 933w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/p11-347x260.jpg 347w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/p11-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 905px) 100vw, 905px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>Foto 9: Detail Disney multfilmi &#8220;Pinocchio&#8221; (1940) tselluloosatsetaadist valmistatud kaadrist.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>K\u00e4ega katsudes meenutab tselluloosatsetaat looduslikku materjali. Arvatavasti seet\u00f5ttu saigi sellest meelismaterjal nipsasjakeste tootmisel, mis on tihti otseses kokkupuutes inimk\u00e4ega, n\u00e4iteks prilliraamid, sulepead, s\u00f6\u00f6giriistasabad, juukseklambrid ja pandlad. Prilliraame ja t\u00f6\u00f6riistade k\u00e4epidemeid tehakse j\u00e4tkuvalt tselluloosatsetaadist, mille oluliseks omaduseks on k\u00fcllalt tugev vormimisj\u00e4rgne kokkut\u00f5mbumine. N\u00f5ndaviisi kinnituvad n\u00e4iteks t\u00f6\u00f6riistade metallosa otsad tihedalt plastikusse.<\/p>\n<p>Tselluloosatsetaat vananeb umbes samamoodi nagu nitrotselluloos. Selle vananemisreaktsioonid on samuti keemilised ja f\u00fc\u00fcsikalised. Pehmendite kadu p\u00f5hjustab plastiku kokkut\u00f5mbumist, kleepuvust ning haprust. M\u00f5ningal juhul v\u00f5ib eseme pinnalt leida isegi pehmendite \u00f5lijaid tilgakesi. H\u00fcdrol\u00fc\u00fcsi tulemusel eralduv \u00e4\u00e4dikhape on \u00e4\u00e4dikal\u00f5hnaline, mist\u00f5ttu seda protsessi nimetatakse \u201e\u00e4\u00e4dikhappe s\u00fcndroomiks\u201c (<em>vinegar syndrome<\/em>). Peale \u00e4\u00e4dikhappe eraldub tselluloosatsetaadist veel ka v\u00e4\u00e4velhape. Happelised gaasid muudavad eseme ning seda \u00fcmbritseva keskkonna happeliseks. Eriti ohtlik on see metallidele, tekstiilidele ja paberile. Ka inimesele on eralduvad happelised \u00fchendid kahjulikud, \u00e4rritades nina (juba paaritunnine kokkupuude kehva \u00f5huvahetusega ruumis v\u00f5ib nina kipitama panna), silmi ja hingamisteed.<\/p>\n<p>Erinevalt tselluloidist j\u00e4\u00e4b tselluloosatsetaadi pehmendi (enamasti diet\u00fc\u00fclftalaat, DEP) eseme pinnale, muutes selle kleepuvaks. N\u00f5nda on n\u00e4iteks filmilintide puhul oht kokku kleepuda. \u00dchtlasi v\u00f5ivad kleepuvad esemed teiste museaalide v\u00f5i pakendite k\u00fclge kinni j\u00e4\u00e4da. Uuringute kohaselt v\u00f5ib DEP kahjustada elusorganismide n\u00e4rvis\u00fcsteemi ning m\u00f5jutada loodete suguelundite arengut. Sellised uuringud on muidugi tehtud selleks, et kontrollida toidu- ja kosmeetikat\u00f6\u00f6stuse toodangut, millega v\u00e4ga paljud inimesed igap\u00e4evaselt kokku puutuvad. Samas annavad vananevad tselluloosatsetaatesemed kindlasti omapoolse panuse nendega tihti tegeleva inimese organismi kahjustamisse.<\/p>\n<p>Tselluloosatsetaadist valmistatud esemeid tuleb s\u00e4ilitada nii nagu nitrotselluloosi puhul.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Pehmendatud PVC<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1912. aastal patenteeris vene keemik Ivan Ostrom\u00f5slenski pol\u00fcvin\u00fc\u00fclkloriidi (<em>polyvinyl chloride, <\/em>PVC) valmistamise. Uus plastik pidi asendama tuleohtlikku nitrotselluloosi. Laialdasemat kasutust see siiski toona ei leidnud. 1926. aastal tegi Ameerika keemik Waldo Semon PVC arenguloos olulise sammu, kui otsis s\u00fcnteetilist asendust kallinevale looduslikule kummile. Semoni otsingud juhatasid ta vin\u00fc\u00fclkloriidini, mille valmistamine \u00f5nnestus piisavalt ladusalt, et seda kaubanduslikult toota. 1933. aastal t\u00f6\u00f6tas ta v\u00e4lja pehmendatud pol\u00fcvin\u00fc\u00fclkloriidi (<em>plasticized polyvinyl chloride, PPVC<\/em>). PPVC-d hakati enam kasutama Teise maailmas\u00f5ja ajal, mil see asendas kaablite isoleermaterjalina looduslikku kummit. T\u00e4nu k\u00f5rgele kloorisisaldusele (kuni 57%) olid PPVC isolatsioonid mittes\u00fcttivad, vastupidavad \u00f5lidele ja veele ning mis k\u00f5ige olulisem \u2013 need ei reageerinud vasktraadiga.<\/p>\n<p>Pehmendatud PVC on s\u00e4ilitamise m\u00f5ttes t\u00fclikas materjal. Alates 1950. aastatest hakati sellest laialdasemalt valmistama jalan\u00f5usid, veekindlaid r\u00f5ivaid, majapidamistarbeid, m\u00e4nguasju ja pakendeid. Seet\u00f5ttu on PPVC museaalide seas k\u00fcllalt tihti esinev plastik. Kahjuks on see ka \u00fcks ebastabiilsemaid plastikuid, mille keemilised ja f\u00fc\u00fcsikalised kahjustused on v\u00e4liselt n\u00e4htavad ning teisi esemeid ja ka inimorganismi kahjustavad.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/028369_ERM_A_924_30_kasutatud.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"6304\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?attachment_id=6304#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/028369_ERM_A_924_30_kasutatud.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"271,518\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"028369_ERM_A_924_30_kasutatud\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/028369_ERM_A_924_30_kasutatud.jpg\" class=\"alignright wp-image-6304 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/028369_ERM_A_924_30_kasutatud.jpg\" alt=\"028369_ERM_A_924_30_kasutatud\" width=\"271\" height=\"518\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/028369_ERM_A_924_30_kasutatud.jpg 271w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/028369_ERM_A_924_30_kasutatud-136x260.jpg 136w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/028369_ERM_A_924_30_kasutatud-157x300.jpg 157w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 271px) 100vw, 271px\" \/><\/a>PPVC vananemine on seotud sinna lisatud pehmendite (kuni 50%) ja lisaainete vananemisega. Pehmendeid lisatakse muidu rabeda ja k\u00f5va PVC elastsuse parandamiseks, k\u00fclmakindluse suurendamiseks ja sulamistemperatuuri alandamiseks (mis on abiks vormimisel). Enam levinud pehmendid on ftalaadid, mis on pol\u00fcmeeriga seotud n\u00f5rkade sidemetega. Seet\u00f5ttu on neil lihtne end molekulahelast lahti rebida ning eseme pinnale migreeruda, moodustades kleepuva kihi, mis seob endaga mustust, keemilisi \u00fchendeid ja niiskust. Alates 1950. aastatest hakati PPVC pehmendamiseks kasutama di(2-et\u00fc\u00fcl-heks\u00fc\u00fcl)ftalaati (DEHP), mille lisamine Euroopa Liidus 2006. aastal keelustati. Toatemperatuuril aurustub DEHP eseme pinnalt v\u00e4ga aeglaselt. Aja jooksul v\u00f5ib kleepuvat pehmendit pinnale l\u00f5puks nii palju koguneda, et see hakkab esemelt lausa tilkuma. Tegemist on m\u00fcrgise ainega, mis v\u00f5ib p\u00f5hjustada allergiat. Pikaajalisem kokkupuude v\u00f5ib kahjustada immuunsuss\u00fcsteemi, soodustada maksav\u00e4hi teket, kahjustada viljakust ning p\u00f5hjustada rasvumist. DEHP imiteerib \u00f6strogeeni, m\u00f5jutades elusorganismide hormoontaset. Seda k\u00f5ike tuleb meeles pidada inimesel, kes puutub tihedamalt kokku vananevate PPVC-st esemetega. Neid k\u00e4sitsedes peab kandma kindaid ja kaitsemaski, kuna ftalaadid p\u00e4\u00e4sevad meie organismi seedes\u00fcsteemide ning hingamisteede kaudu. P\u00e4rast eseme puudutamist tuleb kindlasti k\u00e4si pesta.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>Foto 13: PPVC-st valmistatud m\u00e4nguasja pinnale migreerunud pehmendusaine on selle kleepuvaks muutnud. (ERM A 924:30)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>PPVC pinnale v\u00f5ib tekkida ka tahke kristalja aine kiht, mille p\u00f5hjustajaks v\u00f5ivad olla tootmise lihtsustamiseks lisatud libestusained (nt steariinhape) v\u00f5i ka h\u00fcdrol\u00fc\u00fcsi tulemusena kristalleerunud ftalaadid. Sellise kihi teket nimetatakse materjali \u00f5itsemiseks (<em>bloom<\/em>). PPVC-le endale tekkinud kiht kuigi kahjulik ei ole, k\u00fcll aga v\u00f5ivad pinnale migreerunud ained kahjustada kokkupuutuvaid esemeid, p\u00f5hjustades plekke v\u00f5i korrosiooni.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/lepatriinu.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"6314\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?attachment_id=6314#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/lepatriinu.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"2472,2472\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1363553406&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"lepatriinu\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/lepatriinu-1024x1024.jpg\" class=\" wp-image-6314 size-medium alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/lepatriinu-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"lepatriinu\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/lepatriinu-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/lepatriinu-260x260.jpg 260w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/lepatriinu-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/lepatriinu-50x50.jpg 50w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>Lisaks pehmendus- ja libestusainetele eraldub PPVC-st molekulahelas moodustuv HCl, v\u00e4rvitu vees lahustuv gaas, mis moodustab \u00f5huniiskusega kokkupuutel soolhappe. Kui PPVC-st valmistatud eset s\u00e4ilitada suletud keskkonnas (karbis, sahtlis jms), hakkab HCl eseme vananemist kiirendama. T\u00e4helepanelik tuleb olla karpide avamisel, kus vananev ese pikemat aega on sees olnud. Materjalist eralduv vesinikkloriid koguneb ajapikku karbi sisse ning p\u00e4\u00e4seb selle avades inimese hingamisteedesse, kus see v\u00f5ib p\u00f5hjustada p\u00f5letikku, haavandeid ning kopsuturset.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>Foto 14: PPVC-st valmistatud m\u00e4nguasja pinnale migreerunud kristalliseerunud libestusaine (autori foto).<\/em><\/p>\n<p>PPVC-st valmistatud esemeid tuleb s\u00e4ilitada teistest museaalidest eraldi. Kindlasti peab s\u00e4ilitusruumis olema toimiv ventilatsiooniss\u00fcsteem, mis eemaldab eraldunud vesinikkloriidi. S\u00e4ilitusruum peaks olema jahe (&lt;15\u00b0C) ja k\u00fcllalt kuiv (RH ~40%). Pinnale migreerunud pehmendusaineid on v\u00f5imalik lahustiga niisutatud lapiga eemaldada, kuid ebasobivate s\u00e4ilitustingimuste juures muutub materjal k\u00fcllalt kiiresti j\u00e4lle kleepuvaks.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Pol\u00fcuretaanvaht<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Pol\u00fcuretaani (<em>polyurethane, PU, PUR<\/em>) avastas 1937. aastal Saksamaal Otto Bayer. Algselt hakati seda v\u00e4lja t\u00f6\u00f6tama kiudude tootmiseks. Teise maailmas\u00f5ja t\u00f5ttu pidurdus arendus ning alles 1954. aastal alustati pol\u00fcuretaani tootmist vahtmaterjalina. PU-vahud v\u00f5ivad olla j\u00e4igad, poolj\u00e4igad ja pehmed. Vahu tihedus s\u00f5ltub sellest, kui palju gaasi tootmisprotsessi ajal pol\u00fcmeerisegusse lastakse. Pehmet vahtu kasutatakse polsterdust\u00f6\u00f6deks. K\u00f5vadest vahtudest toodetakse n\u00e4iteks puiduimitatsioone (laetalad, reljeefsed dekoratsioonid) ja toolikorpusi.<\/p>\n<p>Pehme pol\u00fcuretaanvahu ehk rahvakeeli porolooni vananemine on seotud foto- ja termooks\u00fcdatsiooni ning h\u00fcdrol\u00fc\u00fcsiga. Kuna PU-vaht on avatud pooridega materjal, on see kergesti kahjustatav hapnikust, valgusest ning niiskusest. Selle vananemine algab juba tootmisel, mil vahu valmistamiseks puhutakse vedelasse pol\u00fcmeerisegusse hapnikku ning luuakse n\u00f5nda soodsad tingimused materjali oks\u00fcdatsiooniks. Sagedased kahjustused on eseme l\u00f6ssivajumine, murenemine, kleepuvus ja v\u00e4rvimuutus (tumedamaks). Tasub teada, et pol\u00fcuretaanvahtusid on kaht sorti: pol\u00fcurtaaneeter ja pol\u00fcuretaanester. Esimene vananeb peamiselt oks\u00fcdatsiooni tulemusel ning muutub v\u00e4ga rabedaks ja k\u00f5vaks, teine l\u00e4heb aga vastupidiselt h\u00fcdrol\u00fc\u00fcsi t\u00f5ttu kleepuvaks ja n\u00e4tskeks. Pehme m\u00f6\u00f6bli valmistamisel on enamasti kasutatud pol\u00fcuretaanesteri vahtmaterjali, nii et ilmselt on nii m\u00f5nigi inimene pehme m\u00f6\u00f6bli kattekanga vahetamisel kokku puutunud kleepuva oran\u017ei kokkuvajunud polstrikihiga.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/ak0488_A_914_32_kasutatud.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"6305\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?attachment_id=6305#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/ak0488_A_914_32_kasutatud.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"796,650\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1428654418&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ak0488_A_914_32_kasutatud\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/ak0488_A_914_32_kasutatud.jpg\" class=\" alignnone wp-image-6305\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/ak0488_A_914_32_kasutatud.jpg\" alt=\"ak0488_A_914_32_kasutatud\" width=\"300\" height=\"242\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/ak0510.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"6312\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?attachment_id=6312#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/ak0510.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1200,801\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1428657111&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ak0510\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/ak0510-1024x684.jpg\" class=\" alignnone wp-image-6312\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/ak0510-1024x684.jpg\" alt=\"ak0510\" width=\"368\" height=\"245\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/ak0510-1024x684.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/ak0510-390x260.jpg 390w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/ak0510-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/ak0510.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 368px) 100vw, 368px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>Foto 15 \u2013 16: PU-vahtu on tihtipeale kasutatud m\u00e4rkamatutes kohtades. 1972. aastast p\u00e4rineva raadio puhul on see rakendust leidnud patareiaugus. V\u00e4ga rabedaks ja tumepruuniks muutunud vahtmaterjal oli algselt elastne ja helekollakas. (ERM A 914:32, A. Karm)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Pol\u00fcuretaanvahu \u201epahatahtlikkus\u201c seisnebki suures osas selle kleepuvuses. Seet\u00f5ttu tuleb v\u00e4ga t\u00e4helepanelik olla ning PU-vahu vastu toetavad materjalid silikoon- v\u00f5i pol\u00fcesterkilega eraldada. Sarnaselt teistele \u201epahatahtlikele plastikutele\u201c eralduvad ka pol\u00fcuretaanist vananedes gaasilised \u00fchendid, sedapuhku siis l\u00e4mmastik\u00fchendid, mis v\u00f5ivad k\u00f5rval asetsevaid esemeid kahjustada. Gaasiliste \u00fchendite kuhjumise v\u00e4ltimiseks tuleb s\u00e4ilitusruumis tagada hea ventilatsioon. Oks\u00fcdatsiooni (peamiselt fotooks\u00fcdatsiooni) takistamiseks ei tohi esemetele langeda UV-kiirgust, h\u00fcdrol\u00fc\u00fcsi v\u00e4ltimiseks peab s\u00e4ilituskeskkond olema k\u00fcllalt kuiv (RH 40%). J\u00e4llegi on soovitatav jahedama temperatuuriga s\u00e4ilitusruum (&lt;15\u00b0C).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Vulkaniseeritud kummi<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Vulkaniseeritud kummiks nimetatakse looduslikku heveapuult saadud kummit, mida on teatud kuumuse ja v\u00e4\u00e4vlikogusega t\u00f6\u00f6deldud. Tegemist on protsessiga, mille tulemusel paranevad tunduvalt kummi mehaanilised ja keemilised omadused. Esmakordselt katsetas n\u00f5ndaviisi kummi t\u00f6\u00f6tlemist 1839. aastal Ameerika leiutaja Charles Goodyear. Olenevalt v\u00e4\u00e4vli kogusest saab toota eri k\u00f5vadusega kummit. Tavalise vulkaniseeritud kummi (nt autokummid) juures kasutatakse 2\u20133% v\u00e4\u00e4vlit, eboniidi (<em>Ebonite<\/em>\u2019i) juures aga 32%.<\/p>\n<p>Kummi on v\u00e4ga omap\u00e4rane materjal, mis reageerib keskkonnateguritega teistest plastmaterjalidest pisut erinevalt. See on v\u00e4ga tundlik oks\u00fcdatsioonile ning ka h\u00fcdrol\u00fc\u00fcs on selle tugevaks kahjustusprotsessiks. Kummi vananemise \u00fcheks v\u00f5imaluseks on nn v\u00e4simine, mis s\u00f5ltub mehaanilistest m\u00f5jutustest. Levinuimad muutused on molekulahelate katkemine (kummi muutub v\u00e4ga pehmeks ja kergesti rebenevaks) v\u00f5i molekulahelate p\u00f5ikisidestamine (kummi muutub k\u00f5vaks ja rabedaks). Viimast esineb paljudel kummist museaalidel.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/ak0490_kasutatud.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"6306\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?attachment_id=6306#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/ak0490_kasutatud.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"679,544\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1428654508&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ak0490_kasutatud\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/ak0490_kasutatud.jpg\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-6306 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/ak0490_kasutatud.jpg\" alt=\"ak0490_kasutatud\" width=\"679\" height=\"544\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/ak0490_kasutatud.jpg 679w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/ak0490_kasutatud-325x260.jpg 325w, https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/ak0490_kasutatud-300x240.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 679px) 100vw, 679px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>Foto 17: Vulkaniseeritud kummist purgikaane alumine \u00e4\u00e4r on tahenenud, kokku t\u00f5mbunud ning muutunud rabedaks. (ERM A 963:28, A. Karm)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Vulkaniseeritud k\u00f5va kummi on \u00fcmbritsevatele esemetele kahjulik sinna lisatud v\u00e4\u00e4vli t\u00f5ttu. Vulkaniseerimisprotsessis kasutatud suur v\u00e4\u00e4vlikogus hakkab ajapikku materjalist gaasi n\u00e4ol eralduma. Reageerides hapniku ja \u00f5huniiskusega moodustub l\u00f5puks v\u00e4\u00e4velhape. Eboniidi pind muutub \u00e4\u00e4rmiselt happeliseks ning sellelt v\u00f5ib leida isegi v\u00e4\u00e4velhappe tilgakesi. Vanemate eboniidist esemete (eelk\u00f5ige tumedate) puhul v\u00f5ib nende pakkematerjalidel m\u00e4rgata kollakaid tilgakesi. Tegemist on antioks\u00fcdantidega, mis on materjali pinnale kogunenud ning m\u00e4\u00e4rivad kokkupuutel teisi materjale.<\/p>\n<p>Vulkaniseeritud kummist esemed tuleb teistest museaalidest (eriti h\u00f5bedast ja vasest) eraldada, paigutada h\u00e4sti ventileeritud ruumi v\u00f5i \u00fches happeid koguvate materjalidega hoiukarpi. Alandades RH-d v\u00e4heneb ka v\u00e4\u00e4velhappe moodustumise kiirus. Vananevad kummiesemed ei tohiks omavahel kokku puutuda. Kui eset on vaja voltida (nt kummimantlid jms), tuleks kihtide vahele paigutada mittekleepuva materjali lehed.<\/p>\n<p>On \u00e4\u00e4rmiselt oluline m\u00f5ista, missugused plastikud v\u00f5ivad vananedes \u201epahatahtlikeks\u201c osutuda. Neist valmistatud esemete seisundit tuleb tihti kontrollida ning hetkel, mil on m\u00e4rgata aktiivset vananemist, need teistest museaalidest eraldada. Sel moel saab \u00e4ra hoida v\u00f5imalikke kahjustusi, mida ohtlikud happelised gaasid v\u00f5ivad teistele esemetele p\u00f5hjustada. Konservaatorite ja s\u00e4ilitajate \u00fclesanne on anda endast parim, et museaalid s\u00e4iliksid igavesest ajast igavesti. Samas ei tohiks seda t\u00f6\u00f6d ennastunustavalt oma tervisega riskides teha. Teadvustades endale, mismoodi v\u00f5ivad teatud plastikud meie tervist kahjustada, oskame end ka nende eest kaitsta.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Kirjandus<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Babin<\/strong>, Angela. <em>Nitrocellulose Film Hazards in Conservation<\/em>, http:\/\/www.uic.edu\/sph\/glakes\/harts1\/HARTS_library\/nitroflm.txt<\/li>\n<li><strong>Balcar<\/strong>, Natalie; <strong>Barabant<\/strong>, Gilles; <strong>Bollard<\/strong>, Cl\u00e9mentine; <strong>Kuperholc<\/strong>, Sara; <strong>Keneghan<\/strong>, Brenda; <strong>Lagun\u00e0<\/strong>, Anna; <strong>van Oosten<\/strong>, Thea; <strong>Segel<\/strong>, Kathrine; <strong>Shashoua<\/strong>, Yvonne. \u201eStudies in cleaning plastics\u201c. \u2013 <em>Preservation Of Plastic Artefacts in Museum Collections<\/em>. Editors: Bertrand, Lavedrine; Fournier, Alban; Martin, Grahm, Pariis: CTHS, 2012, 225 \u2013 252.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Birley<\/strong>, Arthur W.; Heath, Richard J.; Scott, Martyn J. <em>Plastics Materials. Properties and Applications. Second Edition.<\/em> Glasgow: Blackie Academic &amp; Professional. 1988 [Esmatr\u00fckk 1982].<\/li>\n<li><strong>Brydson<\/strong>, John. A. <em>Plastics Materials. Sixth Edition.<\/em> Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1999 [Esmatr\u00fckk 1966].<\/li>\n<li><strong>Christjanson<\/strong>, Peep. <em>Elastomeerid ja kummid.<\/em> Tallinn: TT\u00dc Kirjastus, 2010.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Christjanson<\/strong>, Peep. <em>Pol\u00fcmeeriteaduse alused. Teine tr\u00fckk.<\/em> Tallinn: TT\u00dc Kirjastus, 2003 [Esmatr\u00fckk 2001].<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hatchfield,<\/strong> \u201ePollutants in the Museum Environment: Practical Strategies for Problem Solving in Design, Exhibition and Storage\u201c. \u2013 WAAC Newsletter, New York: Western Association fot Art Conservation, Vol. 26, Nr.2, May 2004, PDF: http:\/\/cool.conservation-us.org\/waac\/wn\/wn26\/wn26-2\/wn26-204.pdf, vaadatud 17.02.14.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Health and Safety Executive<\/strong><em>. The dangers of cellulose nitrate film. <\/em>https:\/\/www.bundesarchiv.de\/imperia\/md\/content\/abteilungen\/abtfa\/filmtechnik_konservierung_restaurierung\/2.pdf.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Heckman<\/strong>, Heather. Burn After Viewing, or, Fire in the Vaults: Nitrate Decomposition and Combustibility,http:\/\/wcftr.commarts.wisc.edu\/sites\/wcftr.commarts.wisc.edu\/files\/files\/2013\/11\/07\/10%20Burn%20After%20Viewing.pdf.<\/li>\n<li><strong>History \u2013 PVC<\/strong>. (WWW) http:\/\/www.pvc.org\/en\/p\/history.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Janssen<\/strong>, Sarah. \u201eCongress Must Protect People from Toxic Chemicals Known to Cause Harm: Vinyl Chloride\u201c. \u2013 <em>Natural Resources Defence Council,<\/em> July 2010, PDF: http:\/\/www.saferchemicals.org\/PDF\/resources\/vinyl-chloride-fs.pdf, vaadatud 25.11.13.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Konsa<\/strong>, Kurmo. <em>Artefaktide s\u00e4ilitamine<\/em>. Tartu: Tartu \u00dclikooli Kirjastus, 2007.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mauring<\/strong>, T\u00f5nu. <em>Plastmassid<\/em> <em>ja plastmasstooted<\/em>. Tartu: Tartu Riiklik \u00dclikool, 1985.<\/li>\n<li><strong>McCormick<\/strong>, K; <strong>Schilling<\/strong>, M. R. \u201eAnimation Cels. Preserving a Portion of Cinematic History\u201c. \u2013 <em>Conservation of Plastics<\/em>, Spring 2014, The Getty Conservation Institute, http:\/\/www.getty.edu\/conservation\/publications_resources\/newsletters\/29_1\/animation.html.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ministry of Manpower<\/strong>. Occupational Safety &amp; Health Circular Safe Use, Handling and Storage of Nitrocellulose, PDF: https:\/\/www.wshc.sg\/wps\/themes\/html\/upload\/cms\/file\/2000-07%20Safe%20Use%20Handling%20and%20Storage%20of%20Nitrocellulose%20(2).pdf<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mossman<\/strong>, Susan. <em>Fantastic Plastic. Product Design + consumer culture<\/em>. London: Black Dog, 2008<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mossman<\/strong>, Susan. \u201eSynthetic Fibres, From Dreams To Reality\u201c. \u2013 <em>Plastics Historical Society<\/em>, http:\/\/www.plastiquarian.com\/index.php?articleid=552<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pasiuk<\/strong>, J. \u201eCare and Identification of Objects made from Plastic.\u201c &#8211; <em>Conserv O Gram.<\/em> Washington DC: National Park Service, No. 8\/4, September 2010.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Quye<\/strong>, Anita, <strong>Williamson<\/strong>, Colin. <em> Collecting and Conserving<\/em>, Edinburgh: NMS Publishing Limited, 1999.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Richardson<\/strong>, Emma; <strong>Giachetb<\/strong>, Miriam Truffa; <strong>Schillingb<\/strong>, Michael; <strong>Learnerb<\/strong>, Tom. \u201eAssessing the physical stability of archival cellulose acetate films by monitoring plasticizer loss\u201c. \u2013 <em>Polymer Degradation and Stability, <\/em>Vol 107, September 2014<em>.<\/em> http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0141391013004059.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Rosen<\/strong>, Stephen L. <em>Fundamental Principles Of Polymeric Materials. Second Edition. <\/em>New York: A Wiley-Interscience Publication, 1993.<\/li>\n<li><strong>RSC<\/strong>, \u201ePlastics consercation &#8211; Barbie\u2122 and friends.\u201c &#8211; http:\/\/www.rsc.org\/learnchemistry\/resource\/res00000302\/ plastics-conservation-barbie-and-friends?cmpid=CMP00000349, vaadatud 15.05.13.<\/li>\n<li>Safe Handling of Plastics in a Museum Environment WAAC Newsletter Volume 32 Number 2 May 2010 by Jai-sun Tsang<\/li>\n<li><strong>Shashoua<\/strong>, Yvonne. <em>Conservation of Plastics<\/em>. Oxford: Elsevier, 2008.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Social Security Administration,<\/strong> \u201eVinyl Chloride Monomer-Related Diseases\u201c, 1992. \u2013 Department of Work And Pensions, PDF:\u00a0\u00a0 http:\/\/www.officialdocuments.gov.uk\/document\/cm66\/6645\/6645.pdf.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Swan<\/strong>, Shanna H. \u201eEnvironmental phthalate exposure in relation to reproductive outcomes and other health endpoints in humans\u201c. \u2013 <em>National Institute of Health<\/em>, 2008, http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2775531\/pdf\/nihms74898.pdf.<\/li>\n<li><strong>The Plastics Historical Society<\/strong>. Vulcanite. http:\/\/www.plastiquarian.com\/index.php?id=41.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tsang<\/strong>, Jai-sun. \u201eSafe Handling of Plastics in a Museum Environment\u201c. \u2013 <em>WAAC Newsletter, <\/em>New York: Western Association fot Art Conservation, Vol. 32, Nr. 2, May 2010, PDF: http:\/\/cool.conservation-us.org\/waac\/wn\/wn32\/wn32-2\/wn32-204.pdf, vaadatud 18.02.14.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Wikipedia<\/strong>, Polyvinyl Chloride, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Polyvinyl_chloride, vaadatud 07.01.12.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Williams<\/strong>, Scott. \u201eCare of Plastics: Malignant Plastics\u201c. \u2013 <em>WAAC Newsletter<\/em>, New York: Western Association fot Art Conservation, Vol. 24 Nr. 1, January 2002, http:\/\/cool.conservation-us.org\/waac\/wn\/wn24\/wn24-1\/wn24-102.html.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Fotod:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Foto 7: http:\/\/gclbilliards.com\/?attachment_id=2104<\/li>\n<li>Foto 9: http:\/\/www.getty.edu\/conservation\/publications_resources\/newsletters\/29_1\/images\/p11.jpg<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"fcbkbttn_buttons_block\" id=\"fcbkbttn_left\"><div class=\"fcbkbttn_like \"><fb:like href=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?p=6292\" action=\"like\" colorscheme=\"light\" layout=\"standard\"  width=\"225px\" size=\"small\"><\/fb:like><\/div><div class=\"fb-share-button  \" data-href=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?p=6292\" data-type=\"button\" data-size=\"small\"><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tekst: Karoliine Korol, konservaator Paljudes muuseumides t\u00e4heldati juba 1990. aastal, et teatud plastikud vananevad teistest plastmassidest palju kiiremini ning eritavad kahjulikke gaasilisi \u00fchendeid, mis m\u00f5jutavad muude materjalide (nt paberi, metalli ja tekstiili) s\u00e4ilivust. Peale selle on eralduvad \u00fchendid tihtilugu ka inimorganismile kahjulikud, nii et siin v\u00e4lja toodud plastmassidesse tuleb suhtuda k\u00f5rgendatud t\u00e4helepanuga. Juttu tuleb viiest&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6301,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6292","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-konserveerimine"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Pahatahtlikud plastikud - Eesti Rahva Muuseumi ajaveeb<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?p=6292\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"et_EE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Pahatahtlikud plastikud - Eesti Rahva Muuseumi ajaveeb\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Tekst: Karoliine Korol, konservaator Paljudes muuseumides t\u00e4heldati juba 1990. aastal, et teatud plastikud vananevad teistest plastmassidest palju kiiremini ning eritavad kahjulikke gaasilisi \u00fchendeid, mis m\u00f5jutavad muude materjalide (nt paberi, metalli ja tekstiili) s\u00e4ilivust. Peale selle on eralduvad \u00fchendid tihtilugu ka inimorganismile kahjulikud, nii et siin v\u00e4lja toodud plastmassidesse tuleb suhtuda k\u00f5rgendatud t\u00e4helepanuga. 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