{"id":4245,"date":"2014-01-28T00:21:39","date_gmt":"2014-01-27T22:21:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?p=4245"},"modified":"2014-01-28T13:28:12","modified_gmt":"2014-01-28T11:28:12","slug":"soome-ugri-sugulusest","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?p=4245","title":{"rendered":"Soome-ugri sugulusest"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Nikolai Kuznetsov, keeleteadlane, ERMi uue maja soome-ugri p\u00fcsin\u00e4ituse t\u00f6\u00f6grupi liige<\/i><\/p>\n

Kuigi ERM asutati 1909. aastal eesti rahvateaduse igak\u00fclgseks edendamiseks, on muuseumi \u00fcheks \u00fclesandeks juba algusaegadest saadik olnud soome-ugri kultuuri kajastava materjali kogumine, s\u00e4ilitamine, uurimine ja vahendamine. Nii avatigi juba 1928. aasta l\u00f5pus Raadi m\u00f5isas ka ERMi esimene soome-ugri p\u00fcsin\u00e4itus. Praeguseks on ERMi soome-ugri kogud \u00fched suuremad maailmas. N\u00fc\u00fcd, kui sealsamas Raadil k\u00e4ib ERMi ehitamine, valmistatakse ette uut soome-ugri p\u00fcsiekspositsiooni Uurali kaja.<\/a><\/i><\/strong> See peaks tutvustama ERMi rikkalikke kogusid ja kajastama soome-ugri kultuure veelgi paremini ja p\u00f5hjalikumalt.<\/p>\n

Uurali<\/i> on r\u00fchmanimetus, mis viitab sellesse kuuluvate rahvaste oletatavale algkodule Uurali m\u00e4gede l\u00f5unapoolses \u00fcmbruses. Igap\u00e4evaselt v\u00f5idakse r\u00e4\u00e4kida soomeugrilastest, kelle all m\u00f5eldakse k\u00f5iki uurali rahvaid (soome-ugri = uurali). Rangema ehk teadusliku m\u00e4\u00e4ratluse j\u00e4rgi t\u00e4hendab uurali<\/i> siiski soome-ugri ja samojeedi kooslust (uurali = soome-ugri + samojeedi). Seega on uurali<\/i> laiem m\u00f5iste.<\/p>\n

\"su-rahvad\"<\/a>Soome-ugri ja samojeedi rahvaste asualad. Koostanud Indrek J\u00e4\u00e4ts. ERM, Regio 2009. <\/i><\/p>\n

Aeg-ajalt seatakse soome-ugri sugulus aga kahtluse alla. K\u00fcllap on palju neid, kes ei usugi seda. Uurali rahvad erinevad t\u00f5epoolest v\u00e4ga rassilt, usundilt, kultuurilt. Vaadates nende tohutult suuri levikualasid kaardil ja arvestades nende tihedaid kontakte v\u00e4ga erinevate rahvaste ja kultuuridega l\u00e4bi ajaloo, ei panegi nendevahelisi suuri erinevusi imeks: eri rahvaste traditsioonilised tegevused ja elulaad on paljus tingitud nt kliimast, aga ka muudest teguritest; m\u00f5ne suurema religiooni m\u00f5juv\u00e4ljas elamine on p\u00f5hjustanud vastava usu levimist teatud rahvaste seas; kontaktidest naaberrahvastega on tingitud vastastikused kultuurilised ja keelelised m\u00f5jud jne. V\u00f5ibki tekkida k\u00fcsimus: kas me oleme ikka sugulased?<\/p>\n

Vastan jaatavalt, kuid me oleme\u00a0\u2013 ja see on v\u00e4ga t\u00e4htis\u00a0\u2013 keelesugulased. Soome-ugri (uurali) sugulus on eelk\u00f5ige keeleline<\/b>. Just keeleline sugulus annab aluse panna need rahvad \u00fchte r\u00fchma. Nii r\u00e4\u00e4gimegi soome-ugri (uurali) [keeli k\u00f5nelevatest] rahvastest ja soome-ugri (uurali) [keeli k\u00f5nelevate rahvaste] kultuuridest. Kuid keelesugulus ei t\u00e4henda alati sugulaskeelte k\u00f5nelejate f\u00fc\u00fcsilist sugulust.<\/p>\n

Keeleline sugulus ei t\u00e4henda ka alati vastastikust arusaamist, nagu loota v\u00f5iks. K\u00fcll v\u00f5ib eestlane mingil m\u00e4\u00e4ral m\u00f5ista soomekeelset k\u00f5net ja vastupidi. L\u00e4\u00e4nemeresoome keeltevahelises keelesuguluses ehk ei tekigi kahtlust, loodetavasti n\u00e4eb ja kuuleb ka mittespetsialist palju \u00fchiseid jooni nendes keeltes (s\u00f5navara, sarnane k\u00e4\u00e4namine ja p\u00f6\u00f6ramine, astmevaheldus jne). Kuid nagu on l\u00e4hedasemaid ja kaugemaid sugulasi inimeste suguv\u00f5sades, nii on ka l\u00e4himaid ja kaugemaid sugulasi keelte peredes. Kui nt liivi keel on eesti keelele v\u00e4ga l\u00e4hedane, siis samojeedi ja isegi permi keeled on v\u00f5rdlemisi kauged.<\/p>\n

\"keelepuu\"<\/a>Uurali keelepuu. Allikas: http:\/\/www.fennougria.ee<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

Keelesuguluselt eeldatakse sarnaseid s\u00f5nu keeltes. Soome-ugri keeltes on s\u00f5navarakiht, mis on v\u00e4idetavalt \u00fchist p\u00e4ritolu<\/b>. See sisaldab nende keelte vanimaid s\u00f5nu<\/b> ja viitab nende keelte sugulussidemetele. Selles on tugevamalt esindatud kehaosad (nt silm, k\u00e4si, s\u00fcda, maks), loomad (nt kala, hiir) ja taimed (nt kuusk), tegevused (nt s\u00f6\u00f6ma, jooma, elama, koolma, minema, ujuma) ja omadused (nt uus, pime).<\/p>\n

\"s-ugri_sonad\"<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

S\u00f5nad<\/i> kala ja <\/i>silm soome-ugri ja samojeedi keeltes<\/i><\/p>\n

\u00dchiste s\u00f5nat\u00fcvede arv erinevates soome-ugri keeltes on erinev ja ei pruugi siiski olla piisav k\u00f5ne m\u00f5istmiseks.<\/p>\n

Pealtn\u00e4ha v\u00f5ib nt ungari keel t\u00e4nu suurele sarnaste s\u00f5nade hulgale tunduda sugulane slaavi keeltega. Ka Venemaa soome-ugri keeltes on tohutu palju vene keelest v\u00f5etud s\u00f5nu. Siiski on tegemist laenudega. Erinevatel aegadel eri keeltest laenatud s\u00f5nu v\u00f5ib keeles olla palju, kuid keel toimib laenude l\u00e4htekeelest ikkagi erinevalt. Seep\u00e4rast tuleb r\u00f5hutada j\u00e4rgmist t\u00e4htsat asjaolu \u2013 keeleline sugulus peitub eelk\u00f5ige keelte s\u00fcvastruktuuris<\/b>, sarnases \u00fclesehituses. Soome-ugri keeli iseloomustavateks struktuurijoonteks nimetatakse tavaliselt nt suurt k\u00e4\u00e4nete arvu, grammatilise soo puudumist, laiendi eelnemist p\u00f5his\u00f5nale jne.<\/p>\n

M\u00f5ningate struktuurisarnasuste p\u00f5hjuseks v\u00f5ib olla ka keelte geograafiline l\u00e4hedus. Puutudes teineteisega kokku, laenavad keeled mitte ainult s\u00f5nu, vaid ka struktuurimalle ja mingil m\u00e4\u00e4ral sarnastuvad. Nii v\u00f5ib t\u00e4heldada sarnasusi nt eesti ja l\u00e4ti keeles. Kuid tegemist pole ikkagi sugulusega, vaid tihedatest ja pikaaegsetest kontaktidest tingitud sarnasustega \u00fche areaali keelte vahel.<\/p>\n

Soomeugrilased on keelesugulased. Samas korreleerub keel kindlasti inimese kognitiivse s\u00fcsteemi osana n\u00e4iteks keelek\u00f5nelejate m\u00f5tlemisviisiga. \u00dchiseid jooni on otsitud ja otsitakse ka soomeugrilaste materiaalses ja vaimses kultuuris. Siiski on h\u00f5lpsam leida sarnasusi l\u00e4hestikku asuvate rahvaste kultuurides ning nii polegi ehk alati v\u00f5imalik r\u00e4\u00e4kida k\u00f5igile soomeugrilastele omastest \u00fchisjoontest. Olgugi et sugulased.<\/p>\n

___________________________________________________________<\/p>\n

Lisalugemist soome-ugri suguluse kohta:<\/p>\n

Hasso Krull: Soomeugri m\u00fc\u00fct<\/a> (Vikerkaar, 6\/2010)
\nMart Meri: Tormid keelepuu \u00fcmber<\/a> (Areen, 09\/1997)
\nAjakirja Horisont Fenno-Ugria erinumber<\/a> (Horisont 5\/2007)
\nMT\u00dc Fenno-Ugria Asutuse koduleht<\/a><\/p>\n

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Nikolai Kuznetsov, keeleteadlane, ERMi uue maja soome-ugri p\u00fcsin\u00e4ituse t\u00f6\u00f6grupi liige Kuigi ERM asutati 1909. aastal eesti rahvateaduse igak\u00fclgseks edendamiseks, on muuseumi \u00fcheks \u00fclesandeks juba algusaegadest saadik olnud soome-ugri kultuuri kajastava materjali kogumine, s\u00e4ilitamine, uurimine ja vahendamine. Nii avatigi juba 1928. aasta l\u00f5pus Raadi m\u00f5isas ka ERMi esimene soome-ugri p\u00fcsin\u00e4itus. Praeguseks on ERMi soome-ugri kogud \u00fched…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4244,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[28],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4245","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-soome-ugri"],"yoast_head":"\nSoome-ugri sugulusest - Eesti Rahva Muuseumi ajaveeb<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?p=4245\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"et_EE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Soome-ugri sugulusest - Eesti Rahva Muuseumi ajaveeb\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Nikolai Kuznetsov, keeleteadlane, ERMi uue maja soome-ugri p\u00fcsin\u00e4ituse t\u00f6\u00f6grupi liige Kuigi ERM asutati 1909. aastal eesti rahvateaduse igak\u00fclgseks edendamiseks, on muuseumi \u00fcheks \u00fclesandeks juba algusaegadest saadik olnud soome-ugri kultuuri kajastava materjali kogumine, s\u00e4ilitamine, uurimine ja vahendamine. 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