{"id":12957,"date":"2019-10-03T08:30:22","date_gmt":"2019-10-03T05:30:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?p=12957"},"modified":"2019-10-10T09:59:09","modified_gmt":"2019-10-10T06:59:09","slug":"kultuurimaiad-kahjurid","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?p=12957","title":{"rendered":"Kultuurimaiad kahjurid"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Autor: Eve Kasearu, ERMi kogude hooldustalituse juhataja.
\nFotod: Arp Karm.<\/p>\n

Muuseumides v\u00f5ib aeg-ajalt leida putukate tegevuse j\u00e4lgi v\u00f5i veelgi enam \u2013 kohata elus sitikaid. K\u00f5ige sagedasemad soovimatud k\u00fclalised on riidekoi, m\u00f6\u00f6bli-toonesepp, nahan\u00e4klased, majasoomukas ja l\u00f5una-aidaleedik. See blogilugu tutvustab nende kahjurite eluts\u00fcklit ja argip\u00e4eva kultuuriv\u00e4\u00e4rtuste keskel, sh seda, millised esemed neile k\u00f5ige enam mokkam\u00f6\u00f6da on. Samuti r\u00e4\u00e4gib, milliste esemetega nad muuseumisse saabuvad ja ka sellest, kuidas neist vabaneda.<\/p>\n

Riidekoi<\/strong> liblikad on aktiivsed h\u00e4maruses ja \u00f6\u00f6 esimesel poolel. Koide valmikud (liblikad) ei toitu, nende \u00fclesanne on levida ja paljuneda. T\u00e4iskasvanud isendite eluiga on umbes kaks n\u00e4dalat. Toatemperatuuril kestab munade areng keskmiselt 6\u20137 p\u00e4eva, r\u00f6\u00f6vikutel aga 9\u201316 kuud s\u00f5ltuvalt temperatuurist ja toiduvarudest. Kuna valmikud elavad l\u00fchikest aega, siis ei t\u00e4henda liblikate puudumine muuseumis veel sugugi seda, et koisid ei ole. Lendavaid liblikaid v\u00f5ib siin kohata k\u00f5ige sagedamini aprillist oktoobrini. Ringi lendavad isased koid, emased on peitunud.<\/p>\n

Riidekoid satuvad muuseumisse tavaliselt villaste asjade ning esemetega, mis sisaldavad vildi- v\u00f5i riidedetaile (n\u00e4iteks klaver).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Riidekoi<\/p><\/div>\n

M\u00f6\u00f6bli-toonesepp<\/strong> on \u00f6ise eluviisiga putukas. K\u00f5igepealt j\u00e4\u00e4vad silma surnud t\u00e4iskasvanud isendid. Harilikult kestab eluts\u00fckkel kaks aastat, putukale ebasoodsates tingimustes v\u00f5ib vastsete areng kesta 2\u20136 aastat, v\u00e4ga soodsates tingimustes tekib 1\u20132 p\u00f5lvkonda aastas. M\u00f6\u00f6bli-toonesepale sobivad tingimused on 22\u201323\u00b0C ja 70\u201380% \u00f5huniiskust (puidu niiskusesisaldus 18\u201320%). Kui \u00f5huniiskus langeb alla 50%, siis putukad hukkuvad, kuid vastsed puidu sees on vastupidavamad, sest nad on kaitstud l\u00fchiajaliste \u00f5huniiskuse ja temperatuuri muutuste eest. Noored vastsed ei suuda tungida puidu sisse l\u00e4bi \u00f5liv\u00e4rvi, laki- v\u00f5i vahakihi. V\u00e4ga vana puit ei ole toonesepale vastuv\u00f5etav.<\/p>\n

M\u00f6\u00f6bli-toonesepad satuvad muuseumisse puidust esemetega, raamatute, albumitega. Eriti suure riskiga on euroalused, mis on tavaliselt t\u00f6\u00f6tlemata toorest puidust.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

M\u00f6\u00f6bli-toonesepad<\/p><\/div>\n

Nahan\u00e4klaste<\/strong> vastsed on v\u00e4ga liikuvad, nad roomavad \u00fchelt esemelt teisele. Iseloomulik tunnus on omap\u00e4rane saba keha tagaosas. Nad kahjustavad nii loomse kui ka taimse p\u00e4ritoluga materjale, k\u00f5ige ligit\u00f5mbavamad on villane tekstiil, karusnahast ja sulgedest esemed, kroom- ja kroomtanniidparknahk. Eriti meeltm\u00f6\u00f6da on jahukliistriga liimitud esemed ja nitrov\u00e4rviga nahk.<\/p>\n

Kahjustusi p\u00f5hjustavad vastsed. V\u00f5rgundit ja v\u00e4ljaheidet ei esine, vaid putukate olemasolust annavad tunnistust vastsekestad. Nukkumiseks n\u00e4rivad nad s\u00fcvendi k\u00f5ikv\u00f5imalikesse mittes\u00f6\u00f6davatesse esemetesse (seinad, riiulid, raamatud, museaalid jne). V\u00f5rreldes teiste kahjurputukatega on nahan\u00e4klased v\u00e4ga vastupidavad keskkonna ebasoodsatele m\u00f5judele. Nad suudavad elada temperatuurivahemikus miinus 15 kuni pluss 50\u00b0C ja \u00f5huniiskuses 40\u201390%. Vastsed v\u00f5ivad mitu kuud olla ilma toiduta. Sobiva toidu puudumine aeglustab tunduvalt arengut. Paljunemisperioodil (aprill kuni juuni) on mardikad p\u00e4evase, muul ajal \u00f6ise eluviisiga. V\u00e4iksema ulatusega paljunemisperiood v\u00f5ib olla ka s\u00fcgisel (september kuni november).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Nahan\u00e4hklane<\/p><\/div>\n

Majasoomukas<\/strong> (tuntud ka kui h\u00f5bekalake) on v\u00e4ga liikuv, sooja- ja niiskuslembene \u00f6ise eluviisiga putukas, kes v\u00f5ib elada 2\u20133 aastat. Kuna ta on kaetud kuivamist takistavate soomustega, v\u00f5ib ta tegutseda ka kuivas ruumis, kuid munade ja vastsete arenguks on niiskus ja soojus siiski h\u00e4davajalik. Meeleldi toituvad need putukad taimsetest liimainetest (jahukliister, nisut\u00e4rklis), aga ka tselluloosist. Nad kahjustavad niisket paberit (eriti kriitpaberit), eelistades sellist, mis sisaldab puhast tselluloosi. Samuti kahustavad nad siidi, villa ja nahka. Kui k\u00f6idetel on kuldsed kaunistused, kus sideainena on kasutatud munavalget, siis majasoomukas s\u00f6\u00f6b selle \u00e4ra, nii et kullast osa kukub esemelt \u00e4ra. Suuri kahjustusi p\u00f5hjustavad nad fotodele, toitudes nii paberist kui ka \u017eelatiinist.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Majasoomukas<\/p><\/div>\n

L\u00f5una-aidaleedik<\/strong> on majapidamises leiduv jahukahjur, kes on algselt p\u00e4rit Indiast. Leediku liblikad, vastsed ja r\u00f6\u00f6vikud elutsevad jahu- ja teraviljatoodetes. Oma p\u00e4ritolumaalt on l\u00f5una-aidaleedik mujale, ka Eestisse, levinud n\u00e4iteks kuivatatud puuviljade kastis.<\/p>\n

L\u00f5una-aidaleediku eluts\u00fckkel kestab 40\u201355 p\u00e4eva. See t\u00e4hendab, et aastaga v\u00f5ib \u00fcles kasvada 7\u20139 p\u00f5lvkonda. T\u00e4iskasvanud emane leedik muneb toidule 100\u2013300 muna. R\u00f6\u00f6vikud kooruvad s\u00f5ltuvalt keskkonnatingimustest 2\u201314 p\u00e4eva p\u00e4rast. Koorudes toituvad r\u00f6\u00f6vikud teravilja peentest osadest, kasvades s\u00f6\u00f6vad vastsed teraviljaidusid. Peagi keerutavad nad kokku siidise kookoni ning nukkuvad. T\u00e4iskasvanud leedikud v\u00e4ljuvad kookonist 4\u201330 p\u00e4eva p\u00e4rast, misj\u00e4rel toimub paaritumine ja emased munevad j\u00e4rgmise p\u00f5lvkonna mune. T\u00e4iskasvanud l\u00f5una-aidaleedikud elavad 5\u201325 p\u00e4eva. Meie muuseumisse j\u00f5udsid putukad kuivatatud juurviljadega, mida kasutati p\u00fcsin\u00e4itusel keskkonnaekspositsiooni pinnakattematerjalina.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

L\u00f5una-aidaleedikud<\/p><\/div>\n

Kardavad k\u00fclma<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Kahjurputukad on enamasti k\u00fclmatundlikud ja seega on muuseumides efektiivne meetod nendega v\u00f5itlemisel esemete k\u00fclmutamine s\u00fcgavk\u00fclmkambris temperatuuril miinus 30\u00b0C. K\u00fclmutamise kestus oleneb materjalist. Massiivpuidust esemeid k\u00fclmutatakse 10 p\u00e4eva, teisi 7 p\u00e4eva.<\/p>\n

Tuleb siiski meeles pidada, et k\u00fclmutamine on \u00fchekordne meede \u2013 see ei anna pikaajalist efekti, mis puudutab esemete kaitsmist. Enne k\u00fclmutamist tuleb eraldada materjalid\/objektid, mida tohib k\u00fclmutada ja mida mitte. Oluline on \u00f5hutsirkulatsioon k\u00fclmkambris, muidu ei j\u00f5ua k\u00fclm k\u00fclmkambri keskel olevate esemeteni. Esemed tuleb pakkida \u00f5hukindlalt kilekottidesse v\u00f5i toidukilesse. K\u00fclmutamisel ja \u00fclessoojenemisel v\u00f5ib veeaur kondenseeruda jahedale pinnale, nii et pakitud esemeid tuleb hoida suletuna seni, kuni kogu pinnale kondenseerunud vesi on kadunud. P\u00e4rast k\u00fclmutamist tuleb paari kuu p\u00e4rast teha esemetele j\u00e4relkontroll.<\/p>\n

Putukate seireks kasutatakse hoidlates ja n\u00e4itustel feromoon- ja kleepp\u00fc\u00fcniseid. Need ei l\u00f5hna, ei sisalda m\u00fcrke ja on kergesti kasutatavad. Seiret p\u00fc\u00fcnistega tehakse aprillist oktoobrini, mil putukatel on aktiivne tegutsemisperiood.<\/p>\n

Kleepp\u00fc\u00fcniseid saab ise teha liimiga kaetud papist. Pealt kaetud p\u00fc\u00fcnis (telgi-, karbikujuline vms) meelitab putukaid paremini ligi ja kaitseb ka liimikihti tolmu eest. P\u00f5randal asetatakse p\u00fc\u00fcnised seina\u00e4\u00e4re ligi, mitte nurkadesse. Kuna m\u00f5ned putukad on head ronijad ja lendajad, tuleb p\u00fc\u00fcnised panna ka kappide, riiulite, vitriinide peale. P\u00fc\u00fcnised ei ole siiski putukate t\u00f5rjevahendid, vaid kontrollimeetod, et tuvastada kahjurid.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Feromoonp\u00fc\u00fcnised<\/p><\/div>\n

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Autor: Eve Kasearu, ERMi kogude hooldustalituse juhataja. Fotod: Arp Karm. Muuseumides v\u00f5ib aeg-ajalt leida putukate tegevuse j\u00e4lgi v\u00f5i veelgi enam \u2013 kohata elus sitikaid. K\u00f5ige sagedasemad soovimatud k\u00fclalised on riidekoi, m\u00f6\u00f6bli-toonesepp, nahan\u00e4klased, majasoomukas ja l\u00f5una-aidaleedik. See blogilugu tutvustab nende kahjurite eluts\u00fcklit ja argip\u00e4eva kultuuriv\u00e4\u00e4rtuste keskel, sh seda, millised esemed neile k\u00f5ige enam mokkam\u00f6\u00f6da on. Samuti…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":12962,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12957","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-konserveerimine","category-museaal"],"yoast_head":"\nKultuurimaiad kahjurid - Eesti Rahva Muuseumi ajaveeb<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?p=12957\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"et_EE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Kultuurimaiad kahjurid - Eesti Rahva Muuseumi ajaveeb\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Autor: Eve Kasearu, ERMi kogude hooldustalituse juhataja. 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Fotod: Arp Karm. Muuseumides v\u00f5ib aeg-ajalt leida putukate tegevuse j\u00e4lgi v\u00f5i veelgi enam \u2013 kohata elus sitikaid. K\u00f5ige sagedasemad soovimatud k\u00fclalised on riidekoi, m\u00f6\u00f6bli-toonesepp, nahan\u00e4klased, majasoomukas ja l\u00f5una-aidaleedik. See blogilugu tutvustab nende kahjurite eluts\u00fcklit ja argip\u00e4eva kultuuriv\u00e4\u00e4rtuste keskel, sh seda, millised esemed neile k\u00f5ige enam mokkam\u00f6\u00f6da on. 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