{"id":12515,"date":"2019-04-18T07:30:07","date_gmt":"2019-04-18T04:30:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?p=12515"},"modified":"2019-04-17T14:40:10","modified_gmt":"2019-04-17T11:40:10","slug":"mari-naiste-roivastus-i-kas-raha-kaunistab","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?p=12515","title":{"rendered":"Mari naiste r\u00f5ivastus I. Kas raha kaunistab?"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Tatjana Alybina, teadur<\/em><\/p>\n

K\u00e4isin eelmisel suvel ekspeditsioonil Marimaal Zvenigovo ja Morki rajoonis \u2013 just selles piirkonnas, kus on levinud n\u00e4itusel \u201eUurali kaja\u201c Volga rahvaste saalis esile toodud pulmatraditsioon ja kost\u00fc\u00fcmid. K\u00e4es on kevad, mida ilmestab alati ka uus mood linnat\u00e4navatel. R\u00e4\u00e4gime siingi veidi mari naise rahvar\u00f5ivast, seekord t\u00e4psemalt nende juurde kuuluvatest ehetest.<\/p>\n

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Pulmastseen ERMi \u201eUurali kaja\u201c n\u00e4itusel. Foto: Anu Ansu<\/p><\/div>\n

Arheoloogilised andmed viitavad sellele, et keskaegsel mari naisel oli palju rohkem metallehteid igap\u00e4evariietuses kui hilisemal ajal. Ehtekunst oligi algselt naiste kanda, hiljem lisandus juveliiride hulka ka mehi. Alates 17. sajandist aga oli Volga p\u00f5lisrahvastel keelatud tegeleda metallit\u00f6\u00f6tlusega. See ukaas kehtis 18. sajandi l\u00f5puni ja t\u00f5i kaasa metallit\u00f6\u00f6oskuste kadumise, m\u00f5jutades nii muidugi tugevalt ehtekunsti. Marid hakkasid kaunistuste meisterdamisel kasutama teisi materjale, levisid p\u00e4rlitest, helmestest ja kaurikarpidest ehted ning eriti loodusv\u00e4rvidega v\u00e4rvitud bordoopunasest ja mustast niidist tikandid.<\/p>\n

19. sajandil tegid naised enamiku ehetest k\u00e4sitsi, kasutades metallinaastusid ja traati, ehtsaid m\u00fcnte ja nende imitatsiooni, v\u00e4rvilised n\u00f6\u00f6bid. K\u00f5ige rohkem kasutati h\u00f5bem\u00fcnte, nii vanemaid kui ka uuemaid. Marid hindavad just h\u00f5bedat. Arvestatakse, et h\u00f5be kaitseb ning puhastab \u00fcmbruskonda. S\u00f5na h\u00f5be (\u0161ij) ja selle metafoore leidub palju loitsutekstides, (usu)palvetes, luule- ja laulus\u00f5nades.<\/p>\n

Iga naisel ei olnud v\u00f5imalik hankida endale ehtekomplekti, mis koosneks ainult h\u00f5bem\u00fcntidest. Tihti kasutati seega ka h\u00f5bem\u00fcntide imitatsiooni. Kaasanis oli spetsiaalne kodut\u00f6\u00f6ndus, mis tegeles metallkaunistuste ja imitatsioonidega ning turustas oma kaupa \u00fcle terve Volgamaa. Ehteid v\u00e4\u00e4rtustati ja p\u00e4randati peredes emalt t\u00fctrele.<\/p>\n

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Idamarist laulja Anna Mi\u0161ina proovib Volga maride pulmar\u00f5ivaid<\/p><\/div>\n

\u201eUurali kaja\u201c n\u00e4ituse Volga rahvaste saalis on pulmanaise seljas n\u00e4ha ilus tikitud mari kleit, Volga j\u00f5e piirkonna maride traditsiooniline must pikk-kuub (kaftan) ja uhked h\u00f5bem\u00fcntidest ehted. Vaatame neid ehteid l\u00e4hemalt ja v\u00f5rdleme neid t\u00e4nap\u00e4eva folkansamblite r\u00f5ivastuse juures kasutatavate kaunistustega, mida mul \u00f5nnestus suveekspeditsioonil n\u00e4ha ja j\u00e4\u00e4dvustada.<\/p>\n

Enamik esemeid selle mannekeeni seljas on saadud Edgar Saari 1975. aasta ekspeditsiooni k\u00e4igus Mari ANSVst Zvenigovo rajoonist Ko\u017elajasola k\u00fclast komplektina, aga neile on lisatud m\u00f5ned asjad ka samal aastal toimunud Aleksei Petersoni ekspeditsiooni kogust.<\/p>\n

Pulmas on peigmehe saatja rollis abielus naised, kes laulavad t\u0161astu\u0161kasid, tantsides ise nende saatel ja lehvitades v\u00e4rviliste r\u00e4tikutega \u2013 nii loovad nad selle t\u00e4htsa tseremoonia jaoks \u00f5ige \u00f5hkkonna. Volga j\u00f5e pool elavad abielunaised katsid traditsiooniliselt pea peapaela (na\u0161mak<\/em>) ja r\u00e4tikuga (\u0161arpan<\/em>). Selle peale asetati h\u00f5bem\u00fcntidest n-\u00f6 m\u00fcts, mis koosneb kahest osast: \u00fclemine o\u0161 pu<\/em> ja alumine, laiema ringiga osa na\u0161mak on\u010d\u00f5l<\/em>, mille vahele seati ka nn k\u00f5rvalehed.<\/p>\n

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Vasakul \u00fcleval k\u00f5rvaehe nuksh alga (ERM B 87: 86), vasakul all peaehe osh pu (ERM B 87: 85), paremal peaehe na\u0161mak on\u010d\u00f5l (ERM 88: 72)<\/p><\/div>\n

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Ansambel Ol\u00f5k sem (Niidu lauluviis) liige Zoja Polunina r\u00e4\u00e4gib rahvar\u00f5ivaste valmistamisest. Autori foto<\/p><\/div>\n

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Zoja Polunina h\u00f5bem\u00fcntidest peaehe. K\u00f5rvaehe ja peapael on kokku \u00f5mmeldud, et esinemise ajal saaks kiirelt r\u00f5ivaid vahetada. Autori foto<\/p><\/div>\n

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Peapael na\u0161mak pean\u00f5eltega vujime\u2019dega, millega kinnitatakse pear\u00e4tik \u0161arpan. Autori foto<\/p><\/div>\n

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Pear\u00e4tik. Autori foto<\/p><\/div>\n

Pulmanaise rinnaehete seas on ka \u00fcle selja ulatuv gaitan<\/em>. ERMis mannekeeni peal oleva ehte puhul on kasutatud palju suuri h\u00f5bem\u00fcnte, millest enamik on Vene keisririigi raha, aga leidub ka paar Poola ja Saksa keisririigi kahemargalist m\u00fcnti. V\u00e4rvi lisavad v\u00e4iksemad n\u00f6\u00f6bid ja helmed. Rinnaehte teine osa on ong lap\u010d\u00f5k<\/em>, mille moodustavad kanepikiuga punase kanga peale \u00f5mmeldud m\u00fcndid ja v\u00e4rvilised helmed. Selle peal kanti ka veel m\u00f5nd lihtsamat rinna- ja kaelaehet. Marid s\u00e4ilitavad oma vanaemade h\u00f5beehteid, mis on N\u00f5ukogude ajal ja eriti rasketel 1990. aastatel veel peres s\u00e4ilinud, hinnalise suguv\u00f5sa reliikviana.<\/p>\n

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Rinnaehted gaitan (ERM B 87:82) ja ong lap\u010d\u00f5k (ERM B 87: 83)<\/p><\/div>\n

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Vasakul kaelaehe (ERM B 88: 35), paremal \u00fcleval rinnaehe (ERM B 88: 1), paremal all rinnaehe (ERM 87: 88)<\/p><\/div>\n

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Sel juhul: Zoja Mitrofanova aitab Annal musta villast pikk-kuube selga panna. Autori foto<\/p><\/div>\n

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Pulmanaise seljakaunistused. Autori foto<\/p><\/div>\n

Pulmanaise eriliseks ehteks on ar\u0161a\u0161<\/em>, kaurikarpidega ja helmestega kaunistatud villase kanga riba. Pulmanaisel on need pandud \u00fcle \u00f5la risti.<\/p>\n

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Kaurikarpidest ehted (ERM B 76: 35)<\/p><\/div>\n

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Mari pulmanaise r\u00f5ivastus ja udmurdi naiste rahvariided \u201eUurali kaja\u201c n\u00e4itusel esitatud. Foto: Berta Vosman<\/p><\/div>\n

Veel 2000. aastate alguseni oli v\u00f5imalik sellises uhkes kost\u00fc\u00fcmis pulmanaisi n\u00e4ha kohalikes pulmades, ehkki harva. T\u00e4nap\u00e4eval n\u00e4eb sellist r\u00f5ivastust aga rahvatantsuansamblite puhul. Pulmatantsude esitamisel laval kannavad tantsijad sageli oma vanemate originaalkomplekte, aga \u00fcha enam ka t\u00e4nap\u00e4eval \u00f5mmeldud ehteid, kus on kasutatud Vene rublasid v\u00f5i metallist m\u00fcndivormiga kettakesi.<\/p>\n

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H\u00f5bem\u00fcntidest, Vene rublam\u00fcntidest ja metallinaastudest rinnalehed. Autori pilt<\/p><\/div>\n

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Zoja Mitrofanova enda tehtud ehetes ja teised ansambel \u201eOl\u00f5k sem\u201c liikmed Volga j\u00f5e \u00e4\u00e4res<\/p><\/div>\n

Kasutatud kirjandus<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  • \u0417\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0410. \u042e. \u0422\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u041f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0436\u044c\u044f (\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b. 19 \u2013 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f\u00a0 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0432. 20 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430). \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442. \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433, 1992.<\/li>\n
  • \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0446\u044b. \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u044d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438. \u0419\u043e\u0448\u043a\u0430\u0440-\u041e\u043b\u0430, 2005.<\/li>\n
  • \u041c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0422.\u041b. \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044e\u043c. \u2013 \u0419\u043e\u0448\u043a\u0430\u0440-\u041e\u043b\u0430: \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, 1992.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
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    Tatjana Alybina, teadur K\u00e4isin eelmisel suvel ekspeditsioonil Marimaal Zvenigovo ja Morki rajoonis \u2013 just selles piirkonnas, kus on levinud n\u00e4itusel \u201eUurali kaja\u201c Volga rahvaste saalis esile toodud pulmatraditsioon ja kost\u00fc\u00fcmid. K\u00e4es on kevad, mida ilmestab alati ka uus mood linnat\u00e4navatel. R\u00e4\u00e4gime siingi veidi mari naise rahvar\u00f5ivast, seekord t\u00e4psemalt nende juurde kuuluvatest ehetest. Arheoloogilised andmed viitavad…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":12531,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[28],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12515","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-soome-ugri"],"yoast_head":"\nMari naiste r\u00f5ivastus I. Kas raha kaunistab? - Eesti Rahva Muuseumi ajaveeb<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?p=12515\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"et_EE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Mari naiste r\u00f5ivastus I. Kas raha kaunistab? - Eesti Rahva Muuseumi ajaveeb\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Tatjana Alybina, teadur K\u00e4isin eelmisel suvel ekspeditsioonil Marimaal Zvenigovo ja Morki rajoonis \u2013 just selles piirkonnas, kus on levinud n\u00e4itusel \u201eUurali kaja\u201c Volga rahvaste saalis esile toodud pulmatraditsioon ja kost\u00fc\u00fcmid. K\u00e4es on kevad, mida ilmestab alati ka uus mood linnat\u00e4navatel. R\u00e4\u00e4gime siingi veidi mari naise rahvar\u00f5ivast, seekord t\u00e4psemalt nende juurde kuuluvatest ehetest. 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