{"id":11810,"date":"2018-09-27T07:59:51","date_gmt":"2018-09-27T04:59:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?p=11810"},"modified":"2019-05-09T10:21:11","modified_gmt":"2019-05-09T07:21:11","slug":"happeliste-tselluloosplastide-sailitamine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?p=11810","title":{"rendered":"Happeliste tselluloosplastide s\u00e4ilitamine"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Karoliine Korol, konservaator<\/em><\/p>\n

M\u00f5ned aastad tagasi ERMi blogis avaldatud artiklis \u201ePahatahtlikud plastikud\u201c<\/a> (28.04.2015) kirjeldasin plastikuid, millest v\u00f5ivad vananemise k\u00e4igus eralduda kahjulikud lenduvad orgaanilised \u00fchendid. N\u00e4iteks nitrotselluloosist eralduvad l\u00e4mmastik\u00fchendid moodustavad l\u00e4mmastikhappe, tselluloosatsetaadist eritub \u00e4\u00e4dikhape, pehmendatud pol\u00fcvin\u00fc\u00fclkloriidist p\u00e4\u00e4seb vabadusse vesinikkloriid, vulkaniseeritud kummist v\u00e4\u00e4vli\u00fchendid. Nimetatud keemilised \u00fchendid kahjustavad nii \u00f5nnetut vananevat eset, kui ka pahaaimamatuid k\u00f5rvalseisjaid. Kuidas aga kindlaks teha, et ese on \u201epahatahtlik\u201c ja mida selle \u201ekurjategijaga\u201c peale hakata? J\u00e4rgnev blogipostitus keskendub nitrotselluloosist ja tselluloosatsetaadist esemete s\u00e4ilitamisele.<\/p>\n

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Nitrotselluloosist ja tselluloosatsetaadist soengukammid (ERMi kogu esemed)<\/p><\/div>\n

Kas on v\u00f5i ei ole tselluloosplast?<\/h3>\n

Selleks, et tselluloosplastikuid korrektselt s\u00e4ilitada, on tarvis teada, kas tegemist on \u00fcldse tselluloosplastikutega. Siinkohal tuleb appi v\u00f5tta teadmistepagas, kogemused, identifitseerimistestid v\u00f5i siis ekspert.<\/p>\n

Kui ese on kerge, k\u00f5rgl\u00e4ikeline, kilpkonna- v\u00f5i elevandiluud imiteeriv (v\u00f5ib ka l\u00e4bipaistev v\u00f5i siis pigmentidega t\u00e4idetud olla) ja p\u00e4rineb ajavahemikust 1920ndad\u201350ndad, v\u00f5ib kahtlustada, et tegemist on tselluloosplastiga. M\u00f5lemat kasutati muidugi ka 20. sajandi teises pooles, kuid siis ilmusid k\u00f5rvale lihtsamini toodetavad s\u00fcnteetilised termoplastid, mis haarasid nipsasjakeste turu l\u00f5puks peaaegu t\u00e4ielikult enda alla. Just tualett-tarvikuid ja aksessuaare armastatigi toota tselluloosplastidest. Seega kammid, prilliraamid, seebi- ja prillikarbid, hambaharjasabad ja ehted on need esemed, mille seast tselluloosplaste leida v\u00f5ib. Ja muidugi ka m\u00e4nguasjad \u2013 tselluloidist (nitrotselluloosi nimetus) nukke ja muid lelusid on ERMi kogus hulganisti!<\/p>\n

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Tselluloidist m\u00e4nguasi (ERM A 800:19)<\/p><\/div>\n

Teine moodus, kuidas aimata, et tegu v\u00f5ib olla nitrotselluloosiga, on uurida eseme vananemism\u00e4rke. H\u00fcdrol\u00fc\u00fcsi k\u00e4igus toimub nitrotselluloosi m\u00f5ranemine ning kristallistumine. Selle tulemusel n\u00e4eb ese v\u00e4lja justkui oleks see valmistatud suhkrust. See on habras ning puruneb tugevamal haardel v\u00e4ikesteks t\u00fckikesteks. Teiseks vihjeks v\u00f5ib olla l\u00f5hn \u2013 tselluloidil on omap\u00e4rane m\u00e4nnivaiku meenutav aroom. Tselluloosatsetaadi l\u00f5hn on \u00e4\u00e4dikat meenutav.<\/p>\n

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Kristallistunud nitrotselluloosist kamm. (ERM A 717:60)<\/p><\/div>\n

Plastikute identifitseerimisest on veidi enam juttu ERMi blogipostitustes \u201ePlastik kui imiteerija\u201c<\/a> (17.03.15) ja \u201ePahatahtlikud plastikud\u201c<\/a> (28.04.15).<\/p>\n

K\u00f5ige t\u00e4psema vastuse annab laborant, kes testib eset n\u00e4iteks infrapuna-spektroskoopia vahendusel. Seega, kui tahta \u00f6\u00f6sel s\u00fcdamerahus magada, v\u00f5ib lasta eseme materjali anal\u00fc\u00fctiliste seadmetega tuvastada. K\u00fcll aga ei saa me end sel viisil detektiivina tunda…<\/p>\n

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Mikroskoobi\u00fclesv\u00f5te kristallistunud nitrotselluloosist. (kammi pii, ERM A 717:60)<\/p><\/div>\n

Mu kogus\u00a0 on tselluloosplastikud! Mis n\u00fc\u00fcd saab?<\/h3>\n

T\u00f5siasi on, et k\u00f5iki nitrotselluloosist v\u00f5i tselluloosatsetaadist museaale ei ole tarvis kurjategijateks tembeldada. Erilist t\u00e4helepanu n\u00f5uavad esemed, mille puhul on k\u00e4imas aktiivne h\u00fcdrol\u00fc\u00fcs. Selle k\u00e4igus muutub eseme pind happeliseks ning sellest eralduvad lenduvad happelised \u00fchendid. Just neid viimaseid on v\u00f5imalik indikaatoritega kinni nabida ning n\u00f5nda j\u00f5uda selgusele, kas ese on muutunud ohtlikuks.<\/p>\n

Indikaatoritest on k\u00f5ige lihtsamini kasutatavad A-D ribad (acid detection strips)<\/em>. Testi l\u00e4biviimiseks tuleb ese \u00fches indikaatorpaberiga sulgeda \u00f5hukindlasse pakendisse (n\u00e4iteks soonkinnisega kotti). J\u00e4lgitakse indikaatori v\u00e4rvimuutust. ERMis viimati sooritatud katse k\u00e4igus j\u00e4lgiti muutust kahe n\u00e4dala v\u00e4ltel. Olenevalt materjali vananemise aktiivsusest toimub indikaatori v\u00e4rvimuutus kas kiiresti (lausa m\u00f5ne tunniga) v\u00f5i alles mitme p\u00e4eva jooksul. Katse kulgemise paremaks j\u00e4lgimiseks j\u00e4\u00e4dvustati v\u00e4rvimuutus kindlate ajavahemike j\u00e4rel. L\u00f5puks avati soonkinnisega kott ning reageerinud indikaatorriba k\u00f5rvutati kontrollriba ja spetsiaalse A-D skaalaga. A-D ribad reageerivad nii \u00e4\u00e4dik- kui ka l\u00e4mmastikhappega.<\/p>\n

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A-D riba test esemetest eralduvate happeliste \u00fchendite olemasolu m\u00e4\u00e4ramiseks<\/p><\/div>\n

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Fotoj\u00e4\u00e4dvustus A-D indikaatorpaberist, mis k\u00f5rvutatuna tumesinise kontrollribaga annab selget tunnistust, et esemest eraldub happelisi \u00fchendeid. Mida kollakam on indikaator, seda happelisem on ese.<\/p><\/div>\n

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T\u00f5estus, et \u00fchesugustena n\u00e4ivad esemed v\u00f5ivad olla erinevas vananemisastmes. Vasakpoolne soengukamm eritab vaevum\u00e4rgatavas mahus happelisi \u00fchendeid. Seevastu parempoolne kamm on v\u00e4gagi happeliseks muutunud. Kammi kaugele arenenud degradatsioonile vihjavad ka materjali l\u00e4bivad m\u00f5rad, mis on omased nitrotselluloosi vananemisele.<\/p><\/div>\n

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Tehtud katse tulemusena selgus, et kahek\u00fcmnest kammist eritasid happelisi \u00fchendeid kaheksa. Seega positiivse tulemuse andis 40% testitavatest kammidest.<\/p><\/div>\n

Mida happeliste museaalidega peale hakata?<\/h3>\n

Kui on teada, et ese eritab happelisi \u00fchendeid, on m\u00f5istetav, et seda ei tohiks pikaajaliselt eksponeerida. Tselluloosplastide happeliseks muutumine on juba t\u00f5sine m\u00e4rk kaugele arenenud ja \u00fcha kiirenevast vananemisest. Vaatamata kenale v\u00e4limusele on ese h\u00fcdrol\u00fc\u00fcsi k\u00e4igus j\u00f5udnud keemiliselt ebastabiilsesse seisundisse. Ajutisel n\u00e4itusel eksponeerides tuleb arvestada, et sellest eralduvad happed kahjustavad juuresolevaid esemeid. Eriti peab seda j\u00e4lgima tundlikest materjalidest museaalide puhul (siid, paber, teised plastikud, h\u00f5be). Seega oleks parem, kui happelist nitrotsellulooskammi ei asetataks vitriini siidkinnaste ja h\u00f5bes\u00f5rmuste k\u00f5rvale. K\u00f5ige parem oleks tselluloosplastidest esemed eraldi vitriini paigutada, kuhu on m\u00e4rkamatusse kohta lisatud happelisi \u00fchendeid siduvat aktiivs\u00f6epuru v\u00f5i siis s\u00f6efilterkanga leht.<\/p>\n

Hoidlatingimustes on asi veidi lihtsam. Esemete paigutamisel hoidlas on levinud l\u00e4henemine, mille j\u00e4rgi grupeeritakse esemed vastavalt teemale v\u00f5i eseme t\u00fc\u00fcbile. N\u00f5nda on ka ERMis \u2013 kammid \u00fches sahtlis, prillid teises, elevandid kolmandas. \u00dches sahtlis (v\u00f5i siis karbis) v\u00f5ib \u00fcheskoos uneleda mituk\u00fcmmend eset. Muidugi m\u00f5ista ei v\u00f5i me lasta pahatahtlikel tselluloosplastidel oma naabreid m\u00fcrgitada. Seltskonnast eraldada oleks neid j\u00e4llegi veidi julm \u2013 ega nemad ju s\u00fc\u00fcdi ole, et nad happeid eritavad. \u00d5igemini oleks koguhoidjal t\u00fclikas n\u00f5nda oma kogul silma peal hoida, kui m\u00f5ned esemed on omasuguste seast kuskile salakohta \u00e4ra viidud. J\u00e4\u00e4b \u00fcle happeliste esemete \u00fcmber mingisugune kaitsebarj\u00e4\u00e4r tekitada.<\/p>\n

\u00d5hukindlasse soonkinnisega kotti neid pakendada ei tohi mitte mingil juhul! Selle tulemuseks on kotit\u00e4is plastikpudi. Esemest eralduvad happed kuhjuvad ja pistavad eseme halastamatult nahka. T\u00e4psemalt \u00f6eldes langeb ese n\u00f5nda happeliste \u00fchendite r\u00fcnnaku alla nii seesmiselt (kus happelised \u00fchendid plastiku vananedes moodustuvad) kui ka v\u00e4ljastpoolt. Tegemist on kumulatiivse vananemisprotsessiga \u2013 eseme \u00fcmber arenev happeline keskkond annab h\u00fcdrol\u00fc\u00fcsile muudkui hoogu juurde. Pol\u00fcmeerahelad katkevad pl\u00f5ks-pl\u00f5ks-pl\u00f5ks, j\u00e4rjest rohkem moodustub lenduvaid happelisi \u00fchendeid, mis omakorda soodustavad pol\u00fcmeerahelate katkemist.<\/p>\n

Happeline museaal tuleb pakendada moodusel, mis takistab lenduvatel happelistel \u00fchenditel teiste esemeteni p\u00e4\u00e4semist, samal ajal p\u00e4rssides nende kuhjumist museaali \u00fcmber, lubades esemel \u201ehingata\u201c. Seega pakend peab suutma happed endasse imada. Sellise sarkofaagi saab valmistada happevabast kartongist, siidipaberist ja s\u00f6efilterkangast. Lisaks l\u00e4mmastik- ja \u00e4\u00e4dikhappele imab nimetatud filterkangas endasse sipelghapet, v\u00e4\u00e4veldioksiidi, osooni ja formaldeh\u00fc\u00fcdi.<\/p>\n

Selle super-materjali ainsaks miinuseks on komme k\u00fclgede osas hirmsasti pudiseda. Eseme peale seda pudi sattuda ei tohi (sisaldab pigmente!). Seep\u00e4rast tuleb filterkangas siidipaberisse m\u00e4ssida. \u00dchtlasi oleks hea, kui ese ei oleks filterkangaga kontaktis. Parim variant on filterkangas kinnitada karbi kaane k\u00fclge. Sel juhul haarab see pakendis lenduvad happelised \u00fchendid \u00fchtlaselt endasse. Ka esemele v\u00f5ib \u00f5rnalt laotada siidipaberilehe. See olgu asetatud \u00fche kihina, sest muidu takistab paber hapete lendu filterkangani. Siidipaber kaitseb eset seiklushimulisema pudi eest, mis v\u00f5ib karpi avades siidipaberi taha peidetud filterkangast siiski v\u00e4lja pudeneda. Kord aastas v\u00f5iks esemele asetatud siidipaberilehte vahetada, sest paratamatult muutub see aja jooksul esemega kokkupuutel happeliseks ning v\u00f5ib seega esemele kahjulikuks osutuda. Kuna me ei saa kuidagi tuvastada, millal s\u00f6ekangas on oma imamisv\u00f5ime ammendanud, on m\u00f5istlik filterkangast paari-kolme aasta j\u00e4rel vahetada.<\/p>\n

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Volditava karbi pinnalaotus. Karbi m\u00f5\u00f5tmed on valitud eseme j\u00e4rgi. See ei tohiks olla liiga suur, ega liiga v\u00e4ike.<\/p><\/div>\n

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Siidipaberisse m\u00e4hitud filterkangas. Siidipaber takistab kanga k\u00fclgedelt pudeneva pudi sattumist esemele.<\/p><\/div>\n

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Happeliseks muutunud nitrotselluloosist ja tselluloosatsetaadist museaalide eris\u00e4ilituskarbid. Eseme peale on kergelt laotatud siidipaberileht.<\/p><\/div>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Kirjeldatud s\u00e4ilitusmeetod sai ERMis v\u00e4lja t\u00f6\u00f6tatud mitmete katsetuste tulemusena. A-D ribaga testiti nii karbisisest happelisust kui ka seda, kas karbist p\u00e4\u00e4seb happelisi \u00fchendeid v\u00e4lja. Viimase puhul suleti s\u00e4ilituskarp \u00fches happelise esemega \u00f5hutihedalt soonkinnisega kotti ning kontrolliti, kas kotisisene \u00f5hk muutub happeliseks. Katse kestis kuu aega. Ei v\u00e4line ega ka karpi asetatud A-D riba ei kaotanud oma sinist kuube. S\u00e4ilituskarp l\u00e4bis seega kenasti m\u00f5lemad katsed.<\/p>\n

Materjalide edasim\u00fc\u00fcjad:<\/h3>\n

A-D ribad: PEL<\/a><\/p>\n

S\u00f6efilterkangas: PEL<\/a><\/p>\n

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<\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Karoliine Korol, konservaator M\u00f5ned aastad tagasi ERMi blogis avaldatud artiklis \u201ePahatahtlikud plastikud\u201c (28.04.2015) kirjeldasin plastikuid, millest v\u00f5ivad vananemise k\u00e4igus eralduda kahjulikud lenduvad orgaanilised \u00fchendid. N\u00e4iteks nitrotselluloosist eralduvad l\u00e4mmastik\u00fchendid moodustavad l\u00e4mmastikhappe, tselluloosatsetaadist eritub \u00e4\u00e4dikhape, pehmendatud pol\u00fcvin\u00fc\u00fclkloriidist p\u00e4\u00e4seb vabadusse vesinikkloriid, vulkaniseeritud kummist v\u00e4\u00e4vli\u00fchendid. Nimetatud keemilised \u00fchendid kahjustavad nii \u00f5nnetut vananevat eset, kui ka pahaaimamatuid k\u00f5rvalseisjaid. Kuidas aga…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":11812,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11810","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-konserveerimine"],"yoast_head":"\nHappeliste tselluloosplastide s\u00e4ilitamine - Eesti Rahva Muuseumi ajaveeb<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?p=11810\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"et_EE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Happeliste tselluloosplastide s\u00e4ilitamine - Eesti Rahva Muuseumi ajaveeb\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Karoliine Korol, konservaator M\u00f5ned aastad tagasi ERMi blogis avaldatud artiklis \u201ePahatahtlikud plastikud\u201c (28.04.2015) kirjeldasin plastikuid, millest v\u00f5ivad vananemise k\u00e4igus eralduda kahjulikud lenduvad orgaanilised \u00fchendid. N\u00e4iteks nitrotselluloosist eralduvad l\u00e4mmastik\u00fchendid moodustavad l\u00e4mmastikhappe, tselluloosatsetaadist eritub \u00e4\u00e4dikhape, pehmendatud pol\u00fcvin\u00fc\u00fclkloriidist p\u00e4\u00e4seb vabadusse vesinikkloriid, vulkaniseeritud kummist v\u00e4\u00e4vli\u00fchendid. Nimetatud keemilised \u00fchendid kahjustavad nii \u00f5nnetut vananevat eset, kui ka pahaaimamatuid k\u00f5rvalseisjaid. 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