{"id":10108,"date":"2017-07-04T07:27:37","date_gmt":"2017-07-04T04:27:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?p=10108"},"modified":"2017-07-04T07:27:37","modified_gmt":"2017-07-04T04:27:37","slug":"soomeugrilaste-pulmajutte","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?p=10108","title":{"rendered":"Soomeugrilaste pulmajutte"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Svetlana Karm, teadur<\/em><\/p>\n

Karl Marksi v\u00e4imees Paul Lafargue (1842\u20131911) on kirjutanud, et pulmakombed on kui maailma rahvaste loodud ja esitatud n\u00e4idendi stseenid \u2013 teema on k\u00f5ikjal sama, kuid selle vahepalad on erinevad.<\/p>\n

ERMi soome-ugri p\u00fcsin\u00e4itusel \u201eUurali kaja\u201c, mida l\u00e4bib p\u00f5hijoonena naise ja mehe suhete teema, on pulmakombestiku episoodid p\u00f5imitud peaaegu igasse saali. Siin saab n\u00e4ha \u00fcksikuid esemeid, mis olid kasutusel soome-ugri rahvaste pulmarituaalides v\u00f5i valmistatud kaasavaraks v\u00f5i pulmakingiks; silmitseda ehteid ja pidulikke rahvar\u00f5ivaid; kuulata karjala lempi-<\/em>saunatamise loitsu, mis pidi v\u00f5imendama t\u00fctarlapse h\u00e4id omadusi, atraktiivsust ja seksuaalsust ning \u00e4ratama meeste huvi tema vastu; saada osa meeleolukast udmurdi-mari pulmast v\u00f5i mansi rituaalist, kus pruudi v\u00e4\u00e4rtuse selgitavad v\u00e4lja \u0161amaan ja karu.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>Peigmehe saatjad laulmas ja tantsimas. Marimaa Morki rajoon. Foto: Kadri Tammur, 1975. ERM Fk 1741:40<\/em><\/p>\n

Samas keskendub n\u00e4itus \u00fcldisemalt soomeugrilaste igap\u00e4evasele elule neid \u00fcmbritsevas keskkonnas, suhteliselt tavaliste asjade ja tegevuste keskel. Ka abiellumine on olnud oma olemuselt t\u00e4iesti enesestm\u00f5istetav, m\u00f6\u00f6dap\u00e4\u00e4stmatu ja h\u00e4davajalik s\u00fcndmus. Arvati, et pulmadest alates algab uus elu:<\/p>\n

\u0423\u043b\u043e\u043d \u043a\u044b\u0448\u043d\u043e \u0431\u0430\u0441\u044c\u0442\u043e\u043d\u044b\u0441\u0435\u043d \u043a\u0443\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0435<\/em>. Elu algab naisev\u00f5tust (udmurdi).<\/p>\n

\u0412\u0435\u0440\u04e7\u0441 \u0441\u0430\u044f\u0434 \u043c\u0443\u043d\u04e7\u043c\u044b\u0434 \u0432\u044b\u043b\u044c \u043f\u04e7\u0432 \u0447\u0443\u0436\u04e7\u043c \u043a\u0430\u0434\u044c. <\/em>Mehele minek on kui teist korda s\u00fcndimine (komi).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>Pruudi naissaatjad s\u00f6\u00f6gilauas. Marimaa Morki rajoon. Foto: Aleksei Peterson, 1975. ERM Fk 1740:112<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00dcldiselt olid soomeugrilastele iseloomulikud kolm abielu s\u00f5lmimise viisi: kaasavaraga pulmad, pruudilunaga pulmad ja nn naise t\u00f5mbamine ehk r\u00f6\u00f6vimine abiellumise eesm\u00e4rgil. V\u00e4hemal m\u00e4\u00e4ral v\u00f5is kohata ka pruuditeenistust koos pruudilunaga, kui peigmees pidi m\u00f5ne aja jooksul \u00e4ia peres tasuta t\u00f6\u00f6d tegema.<\/p>\n

Kirjeldan siin soomeugrilaste m\u00f5ningaid norme, mida pidi j\u00e4lgima abiellumise puhul.<\/p>\n

Vanasti pulmi tavaliselt suvel ei korraldatud, parimaks ajaks peeti kas s\u00fcgist v\u00f5i talve. Komidel on selle kohta isegi oma \u00fctlus: \u0411\u0443\u0440 \u0439<\/em>\u04e7\u0437 \u0433\u043e\u0436\u04e7\u043c \u0448\u04e7\u0440\u044b\u043d \u043e\u0437 \u0441\u0432\u0430\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0443\u0439\u0442\u043b\u044b\u043d\u044b<\/em>. Korralikud inimesed keset suve pulmi ei m\u00e4ngi.<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>Grupipilt, seto pulmad, 1935. Setumaa. Fotograaf teadmata. ERM Fk 2983:19<\/em><\/p>\n

Nii kosimine kui pulmapidustused v\u00f5eti ette noorel kuul, et pere sama kiiresti suureks kasvaks.<\/p>\n

Otsiti k\u00f5igiti tugevat ja tervet, t\u00f6\u00f6kat ja usinat naist:<\/p>\n

\u00c4ra kosi naist kirikuteelt, vaid heinamaalt<\/em> (eesti).<\/p>\n

Ilu ei panna padale<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Hobune osta talupaigast, naine v\u00f5ta saunast.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u041d\u044d \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u044f\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0445\u043e\u0442\u043d \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0448\u0430, \u0440\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0439\u043d<\/em>. \u00c4ra otsi naist peol, vaid t\u00f6\u00f6l (handi).<\/p>\n

\u0411\u04e7\u0440\u0439\u044b \u0433\u04e7\u0442\u044b\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0442\u04e7 \u0443\u0434\u0436 \u0432\u044b\u043b\u044b\u043d, \u0430 \u044d\u043d \u0440\u044b\u0442\u0439\u044b\u0441\u044f\u043di\u043d\u044b\u043d.<\/em> Vali pruut t\u00f6\u00f6 juures, mitte simmanil (komi).<\/p>\n

\u042d\u043d \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0437\u04e7\u043c \u0447\u0443\u0436\u04e7\u043c \u0432\u044b\u043b\u04e7 \u2013 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0437\u04e7\u043c\u0434 \u0441\u044c\u04e7\u043b\u04e7\u043c \u0432\u044b\u043b\u04e7. <\/em>\u00c4ra vaata n\u00e4kku, vaata s\u00fcdamesse.<\/p>\n

\u042e\u043c\u0448\u0430\u043d\u044b\u043d \u044d\u0448 \u044d\u043d \u0443\u0442\u0447\u0430.<\/em> \u00c4ra otsi s\u00f5pra peol (udmurdi).<\/p>\n

\u0427\u0435\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0448\u043e\u0440\u044b \u044d\u043d \u0443\u0447\u043a\u044b, \u0443\u0447\u043a\u044b \u0443\u0436\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0437 \u0448\u043e\u0440\u044b.<\/em> \u00c4ra vaata, et oleks ilus, vaata, et oleks t\u00f6\u00f6kas.<\/p>\n

T\u00e4htis oli ka m\u00f5rsjakandidaadi suguv\u00f5sa ja p\u00e4ritolu. Vepslased on selle kohta \u00f6elnud: Murzein e\u017etaze p\u00f6\u00f6rdan moto<\/em>. Naist otsitakse suguv\u00f5sa j\u00e4rgi. Udmurtidel ja mok\u0161adel on aga \u00fctlus: \u0422\u0443\u0441\u044c\u0442\u044b\u0437\u044d \u0430\u0434\u04df\u044b\u0442\u044d\u043a \u0441\u0438\u0451\u043d\u0437\u044d \u044d\u043d \u0441\u0438\u044b, \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0439\u0437\u044d \u0430\u0434<\/em>\u04df\u044b\u0442\u044d\u043a<\/em> \u043d\u044b\u043b\u0437\u044d \u044d\u043d \u0431\u0430\u0441\u044c\u0442\u044b. Avamata kaussi \u00e4ra s\u00f6\u00f6ki s\u00f6\u00f6, \u00e4ra kosi t\u00fctarlast ta ema n\u00e4gemata. \u0412\u0430\u0442\u0442 \u0442\u044f\u0434\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0441, \u043c\u0437\u044f\u0440\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u044f\u0432\u0441\u0430\u043a \u0440\u044c\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0441 \u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446.<\/em> Vaata ema, kui kosid ta t\u00fctart. V\u00f5eti arvesse ka pruudi pere heaolu: Konz m\u00e4ned ko\u017eale, kacu ezmaks katusele<\/em>. Kui l\u00e4hed kosima, vaata k\u00f5igepealt maja katust (vepsa).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>Peigmehe saatjaskond pruudik\u00fclas. Marimaa Morki rajoon. Foto: Arp Karm, 2012<\/em><\/p>\n

Nii enne kui ka pulmade ajal kasutati mitmeid viise, kuidas m\u00f5rsja t\u00f6\u00f6kust ja usinust m\u00e4\u00e4rata. Eestlaste kohta on teada, et n\u00e4iteks viskas peig salaja v\u00f5tme kositava neiu voodi alla ja tuli n\u00e4dala p\u00e4rast vaatama. Kui v\u00f5ti veel n\u00e4dala p\u00e4rast seal oli, sai ta teada, et tegemist on lohaka t\u00fcdrukuga. V\u00f5i peitis peig v\u00f5tme vokikoonlasse. M\u00f5ne p\u00e4eva p\u00e4rast vaadates ja v\u00f5tit koonlast leides teadis ta kindlasti, et t\u00fcdruk on laisav\u00f5itu ja teda ei maksa kosida.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>Pulmad Hiiumaal. Pruut ketramas, peigmees l\u00f5hub puid. Foto: Viktor Salmre, 1970. ERM Fk 2644:7904<\/em><\/p>\n

V\u00f5i l\u00fckkas kosimisel isamees luua, roobi v\u00f5i muu asja maha. Siis vaadati, kas m\u00f5rsja paneb selle asja kohe paigale. Kui ei pannud, oli teada, et majas valitseb lohakus.<\/p>\n

Maridel ja udmurtidel pidi pruut aga pulmas pannkooke k\u00fcpsetama: vahel anti talle neli panni korraga ja ta pidi sellega hakkama saama, ilma et midagi k\u00f5rbema l\u00e4heks.<\/p>\n

M\u00f5rsja t\u00f6\u00f6kusest ja oskustest saadi teada ka veimevaka ja kaasavara sisu j\u00e4rgi. Rahvajuttude j\u00e4rgi pani vaene pruut oma kaasavara nappuse varjamiseks isegi kive kirstu p\u00f5hja. Udmurtidel oli kombeks, et kaasavara riputati k\u00fclalistele vaatamiseks tuppa \u00fcles, et k\u00f5ik v\u00f5iksid pruudi osavuses veenduda. \u00dcldiselt s\u00f5ltus kaasavara suurus pere j\u00f5ukusest, kuid veimede osas oli n\u00e4iteks vepslastel kombeks, et peigmehele kinkis pruut v\u00e4lja\u00f5mmeldud k\u00e4ter\u00e4tiku, mille ta ise oma tulevasele kaela pani. \u00c4mmale kinkis ta peakatte ja kaks v\u00e4lja\u00f5mmeldud s\u00e4rki, \u00e4iale tikitud s\u00e4rgi, mehe vendadele samuti s\u00e4rgid, \u00f5dedele ja t\u00e4didele tikitud s\u00e4rgid. Komidelt on aga olemas selline veimede kirjeldus: \u00e4iale pidi pruut kinkima sokid, kindad, s\u00e4rgi ja p\u00fcksid; \u00e4mmale sarafani, sukad, kindad, s\u00e4rgi; mehe \u00f5dedele kindaid ja sukki, k\u00e4ter\u00e4tte ja s\u00e4rke; mehe vendadele kindaid ja sokke, s\u00e4rke ja p\u00fckse; ristiisale s\u00e4rgi ja p\u00fcksid; ristiemale s\u00e4rgi, k\u00e4ter\u00e4ti ja kindad; teistele sugulastele midagi kokkulepe j\u00e4rgi s\u00f5ltuvalt l\u00e4hedusest.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>Pruudi kaasavarakirst tuuakse peigmehe poole. Filmi \u201eL\u00f5unaudmurdid XX sajandi alguses\u201d pulmastseeni v\u00f5tted. Udmurdimaa, Alna\u0161i rajoon. Foto: Priit H\u00e4rmas 1980. ERM Fk 1920:289<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>Riidekirst kantakse peigmehe tarre. Filmi \u201eL\u00f5unaudmurdid XX sajandi alguses\u201d pulmastseeni v\u00f5tted. Udmurdimaa, Alna\u0161i rajoon. Foto: Priit H\u00e4rmas 1980. ERM Fk 1920:297<\/em><\/p>\n

Lisaks kaasavarale, mida pruut uude majja kaasa t\u00f5i, oli soomeugrilastel kombeks n\u00f5uda peiu perelt pruudiluna. Hantide juurest on olemas selline kirjeldus: puudiluna oli k\u00f5rge \u2013 20 p\u00f5tra ja vahel isegi enam, lisaks veel r\u00f5ivastusesemed: kasukad, jalan\u00f5ud jne.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>Pulmatohter abilisega M\u00e4rjamaal. Muud andmed puuduvad. ERM TM Fk 922<\/em><\/p>\n

L\u00f5petuseks veel m\u00f5ned \u00fctlused naiste-meeste suhetest:<\/p>\n

Mees on perepea ja naine on kael, mis seda keerab (eesti).<\/p>\n

Kuhu astub peremees, sinna ka perenaine. \u041a\u044b\u0442\u0447\u04e7 \u0430\u0439\u044b\u0441 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0442\u04e7\u0431 \u0441\u044d\u0442\u0447\u04e7 \u0438 \u044d\u043d\u044c\u044b\u0441 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0442\u04e7<\/em> (komi).<\/p>\n

Hea perenaine on v\u00e4\u00e4rt poolt talu. \u0423\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u044b\u0448\u043d\u043e \u04dd\u044b\u043d\u044b \u044e\u0440\u0442\u044a\u0435\u0440 \u0441\u044b\u043b\u044d<\/em> (udmurdi).<\/p>\n

Heal perenaisel on kodus paradiis, halval perenaisel aga p\u00f5rgu (allilm). \u041c\u0430\u0448\u0442\u044b \u043a\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0442\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u0434\u0441\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0439, \u0430 \u0430\u0444 \u0446\u0435\u0431\u044f\u0440\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0442\u0430 \u2014 \u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0448\u0438<\/em> (\u043cok\u0161a).<\/p>\n

Halval perenaisel on kodus t\u00fchjus. \u041a\u043e\u0441\u043e \u0431\u0435\u0440\u044f\u043d\u044c \u0430\u0432\u0430, \u0442\u043e\u0441\u043e \u043a\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0441\u044a \u0447\u0430\u0432\u043e <\/em>(ersa).<\/p>\n

Laisk naine on kui rangid mehe kaelas. \u041d\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0440\u044c\u0432\u044f\u0441\u044c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0434\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0430\u0448\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043c\u0430<\/em> (mok\u0161a).<\/p>\n

Hea naisega on ka mees hea. \u0426\u0435\u0431\u044f\u0440\u044c \u0440\u044c\u0432\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0434\u0441\u044c \u0446\u0435\u0431\u044f\u0440\u044c<\/em> (mok\u0161a)<\/p>\n

Heal peremehel on ka halb perenaine hea. \u0411\u0443\u0440 \u043a\u04e7\u0437\u044f\u0438\u043d \u0434i\u043d\u044b\u043d \u0438 \u043b\u0451\u043a \u0431\u0430\u0431\u0430 \u0434\u0443\u0440<\/em> (komi).<\/p>\n

Hea peremees teeb ka halvast naisest korraliku, halb naine rikub aga ka hea mehe. \u0411\u0443\u0440 \u043c\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043a\u044b\u0441 \u043b\u0451\u043a \u0431\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0441\u04e7 \u0431\u0443\u0440\u04e7 \u0432\u0430\u0439\u04e7\u0434\u0430\u0441, \u0430 \u043b\u0451\u043a \u0431\u0430\u0431\u0430 \u0431\u0443\u0440 \u043c\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043a\u0441\u04e7 \u043b\u0451\u043a\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0439\u04e7\u0434\u0430\u0441<\/em> (komi).<\/p>\n

Parem elada metsloomaga kui kurja\/paha naisega. \u041b\u04e7\u0441\u044c\u044b\u0434\u0434\u0436\u044b\u043a \u043b\u0451\u043a \u0437\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u04e7\u0434 \u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b \u043b\u0451\u043a \u0431\u0430\u0431\u0430\u043a\u04e7\u0434 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0441\u044c<\/em> (komi).<\/p>\n

T\u00e4nan Larissa Miljahhovat handi ning Anna Vent\u0161akovat mok\u0161akeelsete vanas\u00f5nade eest.<\/p>\n

Kirjandus:<\/p>\n

EM EA 130, Anne Lill 1971<\/em><\/p>\n

EM EA 133, Kalju Konsin 1974<\/em><\/p>\n

TAp 887, Tiina Peedum\u00e4e 1992<\/em><\/p>\n

J. Eisen. Kosjad. Eritr\u00fckk \u201eEesti Rahva Muuseumi Aastaraamatust VII, 1931.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0442\u044b\u0440\u043b\u00f6\u043d \u0448\u0443\u0441\u044c\u00f6\u0433\u044a\u044f\u0441 \u0434\u0430 \u043a\u044b\u0432\u0439\u00f6\u0437\u044a\u044f\u0441\u044c. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430<\/em>. \u2013 \u0421\u044b\u0432\u0442\u044b\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0440, 2014.<\/p>\n

\u041f\u043b\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439, \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447. \u0421\u0432\u0430\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438. \u041e\u0431\u0440\u044f\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/em> \u0421\u044b\u043a\u0442\u044b\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0440, 1968.<\/p>\n

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Svetlana Karm, teadur Karl Marksi v\u00e4imees Paul Lafargue (1842\u20131911) on kirjutanud, et pulmakombed on kui maailma rahvaste loodud ja esitatud n\u00e4idendi stseenid \u2013 teema on k\u00f5ikjal sama, kuid selle vahepalad on erinevad. ERMi soome-ugri p\u00fcsin\u00e4itusel \u201eUurali kaja\u201c, mida l\u00e4bib p\u00f5hijoonena naise ja mehe suhete teema, on pulmakombestiku episoodid p\u00f5imitud peaaegu igasse saali. Siin saab n\u00e4ha…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10116,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[28],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10108","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-soome-ugri"],"yoast_head":"\nSoomeugrilaste pulmajutte - Eesti Rahva Muuseumi ajaveeb<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.erm.ee\/?p=10108\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"et_EE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Soomeugrilaste pulmajutte - Eesti Rahva Muuseumi ajaveeb\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Svetlana Karm, teadur Karl Marksi v\u00e4imees Paul Lafargue (1842\u20131911) on kirjutanud, et pulmakombed on kui maailma rahvaste loodud ja esitatud n\u00e4idendi stseenid \u2013 teema on k\u00f5ikjal sama, kuid selle vahepalad on erinevad. 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